UPSC Mock Interview – Questions on Optional Subjects

The UPSC Mock Interview serves as a crucial stage in the civil services examination, providing candidates with an opportunity to demonstrate their knowledge, communication skills, and overall suitability for administrative roles. One significant aspect of the UPSC Mock Interview is the discussion on the optional subject chosen by the candidate. The optional subject holds immense importance as it offers a glimpse into the candidate’s specialized knowledge, depth of understanding, and analytical abilities in a particular field of study. This segment of the interview allows the candidate to showcase their expertise, passion, and articulation, contributing significantly to the panel’s comprehensive evaluation. The discussion on the optional subject serves as a platform for candidates to exhibit their intellectual prowess and engage in thoughtful conversation, enabling the panel to assess their suitability for administrative responsibilities in diverse domains.

Geography

1. Enumerate the continents and explain their formation.
2. India is bordered by the Himalayas to the North and oceans on three sides. Elaborate on the issues associated with the Himalayas that India encounters.
3. Differentiate between GPS and GPRS.
4. How does Google Maps assess traffic density?
5. Provide information about peninsular India.
6. Discuss the two mountain ranges in peninsular India.
7. Explore the phenomenon of global warming and simultaneous freezing temperatures in different parts of the world. Provide an example.
8. Explain the concept of the polar vortex.
9. Share your views on river interlinking and name already interlinked rivers. Locate the Ken-Betwa river interlinking project.
10. Provide a brief explanation of El Nino.
11. Identify the major food-prone river basins in India.
12. Investigate the causes and impacts of floods in the Kosi region.
13. Outline government measures to control desertification.
14. Examine the intersection of geography with culture and economics.
15. Discuss how geography can be applied in administration.
16. Define Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and elaborate on nautical miles.
17. Explore the application of geography in agriculture.
18. Analyze the reasons behind the Green Revolution and its positive and negative impacts.
19. Examine the factors leading to the White Revolution.
20. Identify the crops grown in your region.
21. Propose strategies to enhance irrigation facilities and discuss the reasons for the slow adoption of drip irrigation.
22. Investigate the conservation strategies employed in the Rhino Vision project to increase the rhino population.
23. Define time zones and indicate the number of time zones in India and the USA.
24. Familiarize yourself with P. C. Mahalanobis, his contributions, and his stance on the need for additional time zones in India.
25. In your opinion, do you believe additional time zones are necessary?
26. Discuss how a single time zone impacts the productivity of the northeast region.
27. Highlight the significance of geography in administrative decision-making.
28. What led you to choose geography as your field of study?
29. Explain the role of geography in investment decision-making.
30. Name the Great Lakes.
31. Locate the North Sea and explain its changing geography.
32. Provide information about the Indo-Pacific region and its significance.
33. Explore the connection between farmer distress and geography.
34. Discuss the North-South divide and provide an explanation.
35. Describe the geography of Iran and its relationship with Israel.
36. Share your perspective on why geography is interesting.
37. Name five passes in Jammu and Kashmir.
38. List five places associated with Gautama Buddha.
39. Evaluate the relevance of the growth pole theory.
40. Discuss how the Central Place Theory (CPT) is applicable to the Gangetic Plains.
41. Classify different types of forests and their regions.
42. Define the Tarai region and identify the type of forest found there.
43. Explain the disparity in agricultural productivity between northern and southern India.
44. Define and describe the formation of alluvial soil.
45. Discuss faults in geography and their implications.
46. Express your preference for a specific area within geography.
47. Identify the current owner of the Suez Canal and its previous owner.
48. Trace the origin of the Nile River.
49. Name the countries involved in the Nile dispute.
50. Identify the largest dam on the Nile.
51. Explore the issues arising from the construction of the Aswan Dam.
52. Locate the Panama Canal and specify the maximum weight of ships it can accommodate.
53. Highlight the Dravidian origin of a language in Northwest India.
54. Differentiate between weather and climate.
55. Examine the impact of climate change on structures.
56. What is the latitudinal extent of India, and why is it significant?
57. Does the equator pass through India?
58. Geography is an interesting subject; why do you think people are no longer choosing geography?
59. What are three reasons for the poor ranking of universities in India?
60. What are the differences between science and arts, and what do students learn in arts?
61. Why did you choose science in graduation instead of pursuing arts at that time?
62. How do we classify rivers in our country?
63. How can geography knowledge be implemented in administration?
64. Why did you choose geography as your optional subject despite having a technical background?
65. As a geography student from Rajasthan, explain the role of geography in the backwardness or non-development of Rajasthan.
66. Suppose you are the DM of a district dealing with illegal mining; what will be your priorities to curb it?
67. What benefits does geography offer to an administrator in governance and policy-making?
68. Differentiate between geography and geology as a geography student.
69. Explain the evolution of the Himalayas and Shiwaliks.
70. Why are glaciers melting, and what impact does it have on rivers?
71. Besides high debt, what are the reasons for farmer suicides in our country?
72. If you are the DM of a district, what measures will you take to improve the water table and reduce water wastage?
73. How are fold mountains formed?
74. Are the Himalayas considered young or old mountains?
75. When did you study geography?
76. Have you read any standard geography books?
77. Are there any shortcuts or tricks to crack examinations in geography?
78. As a geographer, which problems can be solved with geographical knowledge?
79. How can the development of tribals be ensured?
80. As a geographer, are you familiar with what our former PM Nehru said about laying down development policies for tribals?
81. What are the problems faced by tribals, and what steps should be taken to address them?
82. How can tribes be actively involved in developmental schemes?
83. Have you heard about ethnobotany, and can it be utilized for tribal development?
84. Up to which educational standard should we provide education in the native language for tribes?
85. Explain how soil is influenced by vegetation.
86. You mentioned carbon in the soil; what is the percentage of carbon in soil?
87. Is carbon present within the soil or not?
88. What do you think is the impact of climate change on India, particularly on forests and soil?
89. While soil erosion is present, what about dry regions, and what will be the impact on the Himalayas?
90. Define what a hotspot is.
91. Why are these areas known as hotspots?
92. Can you name the hotspots in India?
93. Identify the regions most affected by climate change.
94. Are you familiar with the languages spoken by certain tribal communities, and how can their languages be preserved?
95. Do you know of any projects aimed at preserving and conserving languages?
96. Differentiate between the intensity and magnitude of an earthquake and explain how they are measured.
97. In how many earthquake zones is India divided, and in which zone is Delhi located?
98. Why do we observe more cyclones on the east coast of India than the west coast?
99. Which is the most spoken language in the world?
100. Which is the most populated country, and what is its language?
101. What is the second most spoken language globally?
102. Which is the most spoken language in India?
103. After Hindi, which Indian language is spoken the most worldwide, and where is  Bengali spoken outside India?
104. Who was Christopher Columbus, and why did he navigate?
105. Can we increase the total volume of water present on Earth?
106. Who is credited with the discovery of the solar system? Can you mention any Indian scientist who made contributions in this field? What about Galileo’s role?
107. Define sustainable development. Is achieving sustainable development feasible, considering the depletion of resources?
108. Which specific topics in geography influenced your decision to choose it as a subject?
109. Explain the differences between tornadoes, hurricanes, and typhoons.
110. Define a tornado, and why are they known for their violent nature? In which regions of the USA are tornadoes prevalent?
111. Who is responsible for producing maps of India?
112. How can remote sensing be beneficial in disaster management?
113. Can you name any ministry in India that incorporates remote sensing in its operations?
114. How did the geography of India contribute to the development of Vedic civilization?
115. Discuss the role of the Vindhyas during the Vedic period.
116. Why are cyclones more frequent in the Bay of Bengal compared to the Arabian Sea?

Commerce

1. Define GDP and GNP.
2. If a person marries a working woman and she decides to leave her job, what impact does it have on GNP?
3. Define inflation. Is inflation inherently good or bad? Whom does it benefit, and whom does it harm?
4. Explain the concept of price index. Identify the entities responsible for issuing CPI and WPI. What is the frequency of revising inflation rates?
5. How is financial position analyzed?
6. Define current ratio and quick ratio.
7. Explain the concepts of cash flow and funds flow.
8. Describe the mechanism for compliance and performance audit.
9. Differentiate between internal and external audits.
10. With the ongoing AGR issue, some blame Chartered Accountants for advising companies not to pay their dues. What are your thoughts on this?
11. Critics argue that billionaires, especially the top 10 percent, are accusing the system that allowed them to amass significant wealth. Simultaneously, they are not taking substantial actions to address the issues. Do you perceive this as hypocrisy on their part?
12. Setting aside those engaged in charitable activities, what about individuals who criticize the system without contributing to charitable causes?
13. Discuss the positive and negative aspects of the internal rate of return.
14. Considering recent frauds in the accounting profession, what measures do you propose to address this issue?
15. You mentioned Mr. Ratan Tata; can you identify someone who has surpassed him in terms of charitable contributions?

Public Administration

1. Should the field of Public Administration transition to Public Management?
2. Provide a definition of Public Administration.
3. Define governance.
4. Comparatively, which is more challenging: Public Administration or Developmental Administration?
5. What changes are necessary, and should we shift from Public Administration to Developmental Administration?
6. Discuss how developmental administration can be implemented in agriculture.
7. Explain the concept of outcome budgeting.
8. Define gender budgeting and provide an example of its implementation.
9. How do people evaluate their trust in political parties, and how can this trust be gained?
10. Explore the issues associated with project delays.
11. Identify the individual who coined the term “bureaucracy.” Define bureaucracy and highlight both the negative and positive features of Indian bureaucracy.
12. Bureaucracy is often criticized for a lack of transparency. Can you suggest ways to enhance transparency?
13. Explain the concept of the feudalistic attitude in Indian bureaucracy. Why does it persist, and is there evidence of change? Given the common perception that individuals aspire to join civil services for the enjoyment of feudalistic power and status, what motivates you to pursue the IAS?
14. Define motivation.
15. Define morale and distinguish between motivation and morale.
16. How would you utilize health as a motivating factor in administration?
17. Define the Rule of Law.
18. Define “rule.”
19. Define “law.”
20. Explore the supremacy between Rule and Law, providing a detailed explanation.
21. Define capital punishment.

History/Arts and Culture

1. Define culture.
2. Discuss how Indian culture is adapting to modernity.
3. Who is recognized as the Iron Man of India?
4. What alternate name was given to Vallabhbhai Patel?
5. By whom was the title of “Sardar” bestowed upon him?
6. On what occasion was this title accorded?
7. Apart from being the Iron Man, what else is Vallabhbhai Patel famous for?
8. How many princely states existed during that time?
9. Explore the origin of the Kashmir dispute.
10. Reflect on the lessons learned from Indian history.
11. What draws you to the study of history?
12. Examine the reasons behind the decline of empires such as Mughal and Harsha in the past.
13. Provide facts and the impact of the Prithvi Raj Chauhan vs. Mohammad Ghori conflict.
14. Discuss the significance of the Cellular Jail and the notable revolutionary associated with it.
15. Explain the concept of Din-e-Ilahi.
16. Justify the statement “Ancient India was the golden age.”
17. Share your perspective on the quote “Those who do not know their history are often condemned to repeat it,” and provide an example.
18. Compare Napoleon and Hitler.
19. Is the notion that history repeats itself valid?
20. Define war-gaming.
21. Explore the government’s emphasis on imparting historical knowledge to engineers.
22. Which historical period do you prefer, and why?
23. Delve into the history of the China-India border dispute.
24. Define history and explain why you are inclined towards ancient Indian history.
25. Discuss the utility of history in administration.
26. Highlight the significance of the major events of 1989, including the fall of the Berlin Wall and the Tiananmen Square protests in China.
27. Do you anticipate the emergence of democracy in China?
28. Share insights into the Aztec civilization.
29. Provide information on the Mesopotamian civilization.
30. Discuss India’s freedom movement, focusing on the Round Table Conferences, their count, and Gandhi’s role.
31. Examine the claim that Gandhi was responsible for not saving Bhagat Singh. Is it accurate?
32. Explore the decision-making process and individuals involved in periodizing history.
33. Express your preference for a particular period in history and explain why.
34. Assess the contributions of the Mughals to India.
35. If given the chance, which historical event would you reverse and why?
36. Familiarize yourself with Mewar and its historical significance.
37. Reflect on whether India has learned lessons from its history.
38. Share your perspective on the rewriting of history.
39. Elaborate on a recent incident of misinterpreting history.
40. Discuss the validity of different interpretations of history.
41. Analyze the portrayal of history in government books.
42. Reflect on the classification of historical periods as Golden Age, Dark Age, etc., and express your opinion.
43. Offer insights into effective heritage conservation methods.
44. Debate whether “Padmavat” should be considered a part of history and discuss the concept of myth.
45. Explore the reasons behind invasions from the North-West frontier of India and name some invaders.
46. Discuss whether India’s reluctance to invade others signifies weakness.
47. Name foreign travelers who visited India.
48. Highlight Hiuen Tsang’s observations about India in his book.
49. Share your views on labeling history as Nationalist Historiography, Marxist Historiography, etc.
50. Explain the concept of “Past Is Present” and elaborate on how the past can aid present times and administration.
51. Discuss the history book that has captivated your interest and explain why you read Bipin Chandra’s “India’s Struggle for Independence.”
52. Evaluate the role of non-violence in gaining independence for India.
53. Outline the differences between extremists and nationalists, and name some extremists.
54. Identify the founder of the Maurya dynasty, the kingdom preceding the Maurya empire, and the advice Chanakya gave to Chandragupta Maurya to win wars.
55. Explain the Kakori Robbery incident, detailing the involved parties and identifying the location of Kakori.
56. Aside from the robbery incident, what else is Kakori famous for?
57. As a student of history, how would you assess the current phase 50 years from now?
58. Address the issue of people forgetting values, particularly those of freedom fighters, and propose strategies to reverse this trend.
59. Define Ibadatnama and elaborate on its significance for Akbar.
60. Discuss the importance of the American Civil War and name a major general who became the President of America.
61. Identify the battle after which the British established their rule in India.
62. Explore the reasons for the shift in the center of power from Magadha to other parts of India or South India.
63. List the heroes of the Mughals in chronological order and share the significance of the Taj Mahal.
64. Explain the “5 Ks” in Sikhism and their significance.
65. Discuss when you started reading about Shri Guru Gobind Singhji and highlight his special contributions.
66. Explain the correlation between the caves of Ajanta and Ellora, addressing the coexistence of caves belonging to different religions.
67. Define the Indus Valley Civilization and name some cities of the IVC in Gujarat.
68. Name some ancient ports and describe the layout of Dholavira.
69. Familiarize yourself with Lakhpat and Koteshwar.
70. Identify the river that passes near Dholavira.
71. Discuss the relationship between Maharashtra and the Battle of Panipat, addressing why the Marathas were defeated.
72. Explore the reasons for multiple battles fought in Panipat.
73. Calculate the distance between Khyber Pass and Panipat.
74. Identify any other major battles fought in the region between Khyber Pass and Panipat until the 18th century.
75. Have you heard about Somnath? Who looted it?
76. Did Gandhi make a mistake by supporting the Khilafat movement?
77. Did this support lead to sentiments among Muslims, contributing to the strengthening of the Muslim League?
78. Did the Indian National Congress make a mistake by accepting the Lucknow Pact?
79. Why didn’t Gandhi undertake satyagrahas for Bhagat Singh, Sukh Dev, and Rajguru?
80. Why is Asoka considered great, and what makes him important for India?
81. Who propagated Buddhism in Nepal and Sri Lanka?
82. Enumerate three mistakes made by Lord Mountbatten.
83. Was India justified in annexing Goa in 1961?
84. Who founded Agra?
85. What route did Babar take to invade India?
86. Whom did Babar defeat in the Battle of Panipat?
87. What technique did Babar employ to defeat Ibrahim Lodi?
88. Why did the Mughals, specifically Akbar, shift the capital from Fatehpur Sikri to Agra?
89. What makes the Taj Mahal famous enough to be considered one of the seven wonders?
90. Can the Taj Mahal withstand an earthquake?
91. What would happen to the Taj Mahal in the event of an earthquake?
92. Highlight three events between 1755-65 that significantly impacted history.
93. Why did Ahmad Shah Abdali emerge victorious?
94. How were Maratha supplies cut off during the conflict?
95. Was the Battle of Plassey a true battle, and who was the British Commander in the Battle of Plassey?
96. Should the ancient Indus Valley Civilization be referred to as IVC, or is there a more suitable term?
97. There is a site in India comparable in scale to Harappa and Mohenjodaro. Can you identify that site?
98. Explain how every peace treaty carries the seeds of the next war, citing examples from World War I, World War II, and the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
99. Evaluate the effects of colonialism on India, considering both positive and negative aspects.
100. Define the difference between truth and justice.
101. Why are regions that were once under the Mauryans and Guptas now considered backward?
102. Which era do you consider as the golden age of India?
103.  Is the growth of regional parties also a problem in this context, akin to the rise of regional empires?
104. What employment avenues are available for a postgraduate in history?
105. Why did you not pursue a career in history research?
106. Why engage in research if it tends to create controversy and disrupt harmony?
107. Which period of history do you find most appealing?
108. What is the fundamental lesson that modern Indian history imparts?
109. Was India a nation before the British arrived?
110. Given that history is often written by the victors, what advice would you offer to those on the losing side?
111. What is the ongoing debate about history between right-wingers and left-wingers, and what is the source of their conflict?
112. Why is there a significant emphasis on Medieval Indian History?
113. Is the lack of sources the primary reason for this emphasis?
114. What is your favorite aspect of history?
115. Who is your preferred historian?
116. What makes the Vedic Period in 600 BCE special? Was it dominated by symbolism, signs, and logic?
117. Who is your favorite social reformer?
118. Who is Kailash Satyarthi, and what contributions has he made?
119. Regarding Nazi Germany, how has some of their dark history shaped their present identity?
120. Have you ever visited concentration camps?
121. Provide an overview of the 1857 revolt.
122. Share insights about Subhash Chandra Bose.
123. Discuss the life and contributions of Veer Savarkar.
124. Provide information about the Governor-General of India.
125. Why did India not industrialize concurrently with European nations?
126. In 1857, during the revolt, three universities were established simultaneously. 
127. What is the connection between them?
128. With your background in history, facing the tech-based challenges in administration, how will you cope?
129. If the Indian National Army (INA) had succeeded with German and Japanese help, what might India look like today?

Physics

1. Define a black hole.
2. Explain the Hubble telescope.
3. Define Engineering Physics.
4. Provide an overview of the Schrödinger Wave Equation.
5. How is it determined that an electron exhibits both wave and particle properties?
6. Differentiate between mass and weight, and explain the concept of ‘g.’
7. Discuss the philosophy of Physics and highlight its distinctions from the philosophy of chemistry.
8. Define Game theory.
9. In physics, elaborate on laminar flow.
10. Distinguish between data compression and data encryption, and explain the purpose of data encryption.
11. Discuss the issues in encryption and the reasons for potential weaknesses in security. What is quantum communication?
12. Explain how quantum communication differs from conventional communication methods.
13. Describe the transfer of data using photons.
14. Enumerate the advantages of quantum computing.
15. As a physics student, can you name a Nobel Prize winner from India?
16. Explain the Raman Effect.
17. Why do we not perceive all seven colors in a rainbow, even though light is composed of seven colors?
18. Provide practical applications of the General Theory of Relativity.
19. Define gravitational waves.
20. Discuss the concept of dark matter.
21. Explain the significance of the ‘God particle.’
22. Why is the study of neutrinos important?

Political Science

1. As a Political Science student, explain the significance of Article 370 and Article 35A.
2. Provide details about the signing of the J&K Instrument of Accession, the incorporation of Article 370, and the necessity for a separate provision for J&K.
3. When and how was Article 35A introduced into the Constitution? Why is it not amenable like other constitutional provisions?
4. Highlight major distinctions between the Indian Constitution and the J&K Constitution.
5. Identify minority rights specified in the J&K Constitution.
6. What motivated your interest in Political Science and International Relations?
7. Explore the relationship between state sovereignty and human rights.
8. Discuss the appropriateness of international community intervention and the procedures involved.
9. Provide details on the last instance of UNSC intervention and its consequences.
10. Considering reports of human rights violations in Kashmir, analyze India’s potential stance if China and Pakistan seek UNSC military intervention.
11. Why should India resist such intervention, and what are the reasons against it?
12. Examine changes in India’s foreign policy over the last 2 to 3 years.
13. Explain the basis of a country’s foreign policy, citing examples.
14. Define cooperative federalism and provide an illustrative example.
15. Elaborate on constitutional morality and constitutional ethos, citing examples.
16. Assess the adequacy of the preamble in guiding the nation.
17. Is protectionism a viable economic strategy, and is Brexit an example of protectionism?
18. Explore the reasons for not imposing tariffs on China and suggest ways India can improve its deficit with China.
19. Explain the concept of “power controls power.”
20. Define the Separation of Powers doctrine.
21. Discuss the concept of basic structure in constitutional law.
22. Critique the perceived overreach of the SC/ST Act, highlighting the provisions included by the judiciary.
23. Provide three examples of judicial overreach.
24. Justify why the judiciary is tasked with assessing the constitutional amendments made by the sovereign parliament.
25. Evaluate India’s foreign policy over the past 70 years—was it successful, particularly in terms of hard power and economic considerations?
26. Assess India’s neighborhood policy and the state of its relations with neighboring countries.
27. Identify the reasons for strained relations with some neighbors and the challenges associated with these relationships.
28. Explain the key ideas presented by Plato in his work “The Republic” within the context of Western political thought.
29. Differentiate between the concepts of State and Nation.
30. Share your perspective on the sources of power for a nation.
31. Discuss the role of the military as a power factor for a nation.
32. Evaluate the direction in which BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) is progressing.
33. Analyze the sudden collapse of the USSR and the reasons behind its disintegration.
34. Name two leaders who gained international prominence after the collapse of the USSR.
35. Reflect on the use of the term “Political Science” and where the element of science comes into play.
36. Explain how the field of International Relations contributes to a country’s economic development.
37. Debate the question of whether India should be grateful to the British for the unification of the country.
38. Examine the reasons behind India’s withdrawal from the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP).
39. Define the concept of “thinking out of the box” and provide an example from your life when you applied this approach.
40. Address two women-centric societal issues and propose solutions for them.
41. Discuss the current state of polarity or balance of power in the world.
42. Express your preference for socio-political arrangements at both the global and state levels.
43. Share your opinion on whether national borders should be redrawn.
44. Provide insights into the Catalonia issue.
45. Explain the Social Contract theory and identify its originator.
46. Deliver a two-minute talk on Indian foreign trade.
47. Explain the concepts of import basket and export baskets.
48. Provide the current figures for India’s foreign reserves.
49. Why did you choose civil services over a career in politics after studying political science? Share your views on the impact of the Right to Information (RTI) Act on transparency and accountability, considering some officers’ dissatisfaction.
50. Offer your perspective on the effectiveness of the RTI Act.
51. Define the “coffee club” and list the countries associated with it.
52. Identify the term used for countries advocating for reforms.
53. Discuss the qualifications India is seeking for reform and whether building consensus over the last 20 years has been sufficient. Explore alternative approaches.
54. Is Russia considered a democracy?
55. Assess the relevance of the Communist Manifesto, and discuss whether it is considered a document of historical importance.
56. Share your favorite Indian political thinker and explain the reasons for your choice.
57. Define Gram Swaraj and discuss its implications.
58. Evaluate the practicality of achieving self-sufficiency at the village level in the era of globalization.
59. Examine whether countries with local self-governments experience higher levels of peace.
60. Highlight the changes brought to the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) under Sushma Swaraj’s leadership.
61. If selected for the Indian Foreign Service (IFS), outline the changes you would implement.
62. Analyze the issues in Lakshadweep beyond natural threats like rising sea levels and discuss the potential problem of smuggling.
63. Describe the existing mechanisms for ensuring coastal security in India.
64. Assess the merging of the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs (MoOIA) and MEA and discuss whether it was a prudent decision.
65. Evaluate India’s approach of fostering relations with China despite its support for Pakistan and discuss the appropriateness of this policy.
66. Share your perspective on the possibility of breaking the Pak-China nexus.
67. Evaluate the success of Indian diplomacy in addressing the challenges posed by Pakistan.
68. Discuss the transformation of the “Look East to Act East” policy in Indian foreign policy.
69. Explain the concept of the Indo-Pacific.
70. Should India actively participate in the Indo-Pacific region, and is such involvement in India’s best interest, especially considering the primary conflict between the USA and China? Why should India engage in this geopolitical arena?
71. Evaluate the merits of communism and capitalism, discussing which system is superior and providing reasons for your stance.
72. Share information about Friedrich Engels and his contributions.
73. Name some countries in the world that follow a communist ideology.
74. Define the term “constitution.”
75. Discuss the significance of having a constitution for the functioning of a country.
76. Assess the relevance of the Indian Foreign Service (IFS) as a career option in the contemporary context.
77. Debate the current status of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).
78. Explore the political philosophy of Aurobindo Ghosh.
79. Evaluate the relevance of Plato’s “Republic” in the modern era.
80. Deliberate on the pros and cons of adopting a presidential system in India and provide reasons for your viewpoint.
81. Discuss whether India should adopt a federation system similar to that of the USA.
82. Examine the roles of Bismarck and Sardar Patel in shaping their respective nations.
83. Define the term “realpolitik” and discuss its application in international relations.
84. Explain the concept of geopolitics and its significance.
85. Share your opinion on whether corruption is more prevalent at the highest levels of administration.
86. Express your views on the United States’ intervention in the South China Sea.
87. Define and explain the field of comparative politics.
88. Provide a comparative analysis of India’s political landscape from the past to the present.
89. Assess the impact of regional parties on the Indian political scenario, discussing whether they are beneficial or detrimental.

Anthropology

1. Why did you opt for Anthropology as your optional subject over Civil Engineering?
2. How does India address the integration of tribals into the mainstream, considering the prevalent discussions on this topic?
3. Explain the concept of Tribal Panchsheel.
4. Are the tribal communities facing threats?
5. Describe the government initiatives aimed at the welfare of tribal populations in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
6. Can you identify the different tribes residing in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands?
7. Talk about the different stages of human evolution, and connect it to the concept of Intelligent Design.
8. Explain what Anthropocene means.
9. Compare chimpanzees and gorillas in terms of intelligence and tool usage. Discuss the different types of chimpanzees.
10. Discuss notable research and authors focusing on the third type of chimpanzee.
11. Share your perspective as an anthropology student on the idea of relocating tribes to urban areas to provide them with urban amenities.
12. Analyze the J&K and North East issues from an anthropological standpoint.
13. Outline the branches of anthropology.
14. Define legal anthropology.
15. Identify tribes where practices like human sacrifice and headhunting are common.
16. Discuss the timeline when gorillas were our ancestors.
17. Highlight recent research on Neanderthals.
18. List UNESCO-recognized anthropological sites in India.
19. Explore the reasons behind the perceived intolerance and divisive tendencies in society.
20. Explain the concept of criminal tribes and why they are named so.
21. Discuss whether there is scientific evidence supporting the hereditary nature of criminal traits among certain tribes.
22. Define social anthropology and name a famous social anthropologist.
23. Assess the current status of tribes in India and their position in Indian society.
24. Explain the Forest Rights Act of 2006 and discuss the challenges associated with it.
25. Address the question of whether tribes are genetically pure.
26. Explore the challenges tribal communities may face when transitioning to mainstream society.
27. Discuss recent studies on the Aryan Migration theory based on DNA analysis and explore the truth behind it.
28. Familiarize yourself with Verrier Elwin and his theories on tribal development.
29. Discuss the concerns raised by tribes about being treated as showpieces and being kept secluded.
30. Examine the sex ratio among tribal communities and explain the factors contributing to its levels.
31. Has the caste system affected how we view tribal communities?
32. In Yuval Noah Harari’s book “Sapiens,” he suggests that plants domesticated humans. Do you agree with this idea?
33. Were you aware of the recent discovery of a fossil from a black race in the UK?
34. Some theories propose that all Europeans were originally Negroid. What is your perspective on this theory?
35. Can you explain the theory of North Indian vs South Indian racial origins?
36. What does the term “Aryan” mean, and where does it originate from?
37. There has been controversy surrounding the theory of evolution. Do you support this theory?
38. If you believe in evolutionary theory, what changes can you envision in the next 5000 years? How about the next 5 million years?
39. Can you name the Andaman tribes that have the ability to sense earthquakes?
40. Why did you choose anthropology, and what has it taught you?
41. Are you familiar with anthropologists such as Malinowski and Radcliffe Brown?
42. Why does the Inner Line Permit (ILP) still exist today? Why not integrate tribes from the North East?
43. What do you know about the Harappan civilization, 
44.  Can you mention another important site from this civilization along with its uniqueness.
45. Is anthropology utilized in administration, and if not, why?
46. Discuss the concepts of Demographic Demand versus Demographic Disaster. Do you believe we are currently experiencing a demographic disaster?
47. Can you explain the idea of “Impatient India”?
48. Cultural relativism is an essential concept in anthropology. Do you see any relevance to it in today’s context?
49. What is the difference between Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG) and normal tribes?
50. Should we reconsider the benefits provided to tribes other than PVTG?
51. Define anthropology as a discipline and explore its connection with archaeology.
52. How do you plan to apply archaeological knowledge in the field of anthropology?
53. Is the study of anthropology limited to the analysis of fossils alone?
54. What techniques are commonly employed in anthropological studies?
55. Have you read the book “Sapiens”? If so, what are its key themes?
56. What is your perspective on the Aryan invasion theory?
57. How did the current population distribution in India evolve?
58. Who were the indigenous inhabitants of India?

Sociology

1. What is social engineering in politics, considering your background in Sociology?
2. Can you identify a political party in India that has successfully implemented social engineering?
3. From a sociological perspective, how would you explain the savings pattern in our country?
4. What are the characteristic features of Indian society that contribute to its uniqueness?
5. In your view, what are the adverse effects of caste on Indian society?
6. How does the role of caste differ between rural and urban areas in present-day society?
7. What governmental initiatives have been undertaken to address caste-related issues, and what additional measures could be implemented?
8. Can you list some influential thinkers in sociology that you have studied as part of your optional subject?
9. Is Karl Marx’s ideology relevant in contemporary India, and why?
10. Apply a few concepts from Karl Marx to illustrate his relevance in present-day India.
11. Explain Marx’s idea of socialism and its applicability in the current Indian context.
12. Why do you believe NGOs are more prominent in certain states than others, and what sociological factors contribute to this variation?
13. Should NGOs be subject to regulation, considering they are voluntary organizations?
14. Share your knowledge about Contraceptive Jewellery and any hormonal aspects associated with it.
15. Discuss Maciver’s viewpoint on a sociological aspect.
16. Elaborate on Max Weber’s perspectives on bureaucracy and its attributes.
17. Outline Talcott Parsons’ views on social institutions.
18. Compare and contrast functionalism with structural functionalism in the realm of sociology.
19. Can you share your thoughts on Mahatma Gandhi’s actions and ideas?
20. What does the term “Sanskritisation” mean?
21. What were Ambedkar’s opinions on the caste system, and are you familiar with any books written by him?
22. How do sociology and bureaucracy relate, and what challenges are associated with them? How did you address complacency in your job?
23. Do you think achieving a society without castes is possible?
24. Despite modernization, why do we still see caste and community becoming significant in society?
25. In your opinion, does religion bring people together in the country or create problems?
26. Can you talk about Jyotiba Phule’s contributions and mention some of the books he wrote?
27. As a sociology student, how do you perceive the changing dynamics of social relationships, and what’s the connection between democracy and social media?
28. Explain the concept of diversity from a sociological perspective.
29. What are the notable contributions of M.N. Shrinivas?
30. What steps do you think are necessary to address the issue of Delhi being called the “rape capital”?
31. Discuss the challenges related to interstate migration.
32. Explain the purpose and features of MGNREGA.
33. Why did you choose sociology over engineering, and how do they connect?
34. Associate Durkheim’s concept of suicide with instances of farmer suicide.
35. Is the idea of a classless society realistic or utopian?
36. As a sociology student, what changes would you propose in a district?
37. How would you work to empower women on multiple fronts?
38. What measures would you implement to improve the education sector in rural areas?
39. Share your knowledge about child marriage.
40. Define social movement from a sociological perspective.
41. How do you comprehend poverty, and what methods can be used to measure it?
42. Compare sociological indices related to poverty with neighboring countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
43. Explain why the female labor force participation rate is low in India.
44. Highlight the distinctions between culture and civilization.
45. Can you elaborate on the concept of inclusive culture?
46. Can you explain the term “sanskar” in simple language?
47. What are three things that the world can learn from India to promote peace, stability, and development?
48. In which village did MN Srinivas conduct his study, and in which district? What were his theoretical contributions?
49. Can you break down the concept of “Sanskritisation” for us?
50. What are your thoughts on “Sanskritisation”?
51. You mentioned some negative aspects of “Sanskritisation.” Can you provide evidence to support your claim?
52. How do sociology and anthropology differ from each other?
53. I feel that anthropology might involve an element of racism since it focuses on primitive societies. What is your perspective on this?
54. With sociology as your optional, why do you think the Indian family system is moving toward nuclear families?
55. Can you explain what “organic solidarity” is and the values associated with it?
56. What social faultlines do you observe in today’s society?
57. How do you see caste inequalities being expressed in contemporary society?
58. Do you believe caste should be a determinant for marriage?
59. What is vote bank politics, and how does it impact the caste system?
60. Does the caste system only have drawbacks or dysfunctions?
61. Are caste-based inequalities a result of social or economic factors?
62. What do you consider the best achievements of the Indian Republic?
63. Do you think inequality is increasing in India?
64. Provide a sociological explanation for the Naxalite movement.

Law

1. Can you explain the distinctions between civil law and criminal law?
2. What sets apart a bill from an act in legal terms?
3. What prompted your decision not to pursue a career in the legal profession?
4.  Could you outline the various ways bank frauds can occur concerning their inventories?
5. Are you familiar with surrogacy and organ donation laws, and why are they considered controversial?
6. How would you define the difference between a law and a code?
7. When it comes to jurisprudence, do you feel comfortable discussing it?
8. What is the interplay between law and morality, and in the event of a conflict, how would you navigate it?
9. Can you highlight any recent law that exemplifies the interplay between law and morality and has undergone changes?
10. Do you believe that all fundamental rights are inherent in the basic structure? 
11. If you were a judge presiding over the EWS Amendment, what stance would you take?
12. How do you perceive the sedition law, especially considering the Law Commission advocates for its removal?
13. Can you provide insights into Section 377, and what are your thoughts on the Supreme Court’s judgment regarding it?
14. Why did the Supreme Court declare Section 497 unconstitutional?
15. What distinguishes a bailable offense from a non-bailable one in legal terms?
16. Are you satisfied with the current state of the legal aid system, and have you ever been involved in providing legal aid?
17. Can you outline the differences between Section 34 and Section 149 of the IPC?
18. What is the current global scenario regarding arbitration, and why is Singapore often preferred for arbitration?
19. How has Singapore achieved such significant growth?
20. Why is defining terrorism a challenge in international law?
21. Why has India not signed the refugee convention?
22. What is the present status of the Sri Lankan constitution?
23. With privacy concerns in the spotlight, do you believe Aadhaar infringes on privacy rights?
24. How do you view the government’s directive granting ten agencies the power to intercept data?
25. Can you identify the constitutional articles related to the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes? What functions do these commissions serve? Additionally, what role do the chairpersons of these commissions play as ex-officio members? Is the NHRC considered constitutional?
26. Could you explain the distinctions between statutory and constitutional bodies?
27. What does the term subordinate legislation encompass?
28. Can you provide insights into competition law and its precursor legislation?
29. What aspects does the competition act regulate?
30. Why is there a significant backlog of cases in courts?
31. Where did you practice law?
32. In your experience, how long does a typical civil case last?
33. Do you think cases should be limited to five hearings?
34. What are the four pillars of democracy, and do you believe they sometimes encroach on each other’s mandates?
35. Is judicial activism a necessary element in our legal system?
36. Why do some people oppose the idea of an All-India Judicial Service?
37. In your opinion, has our constitution outlived its value, and do we need a new one?
38. Could you elaborate on the difference between Balance of Payment and Balance of Trade?
39. With which country do we have a deficit, and with which one do we have a surplus?
40. Can you discuss the recent changes made to labor laws?
41. Have you read the book “10 Judgements That Changed India,” and can you identify the cases mentioned in it?
42. What is the most significant criticism of the Keshavananda Bharti judgment?
43. Regarding judges’ accountability, is it justified in an elected democracy?
44. How would you define the relationship between law and governance?
45. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a legal background for a career in government?
46. What is your opinion on the rising divorce rates?
47. In the Constitution, what holds particular importance for you?
48. Can you explain the concept of Constitutional Morality?
49. How would you define Governance?
50. What measures can be taken to enhance the implementation of laws?
51. Do you propose any mechanisms for people’s participation in lawmaking?
52. Could you highlight some important Supreme Court judgments from the past two years?
53. Can you provide a detailed explanation of the process involved in making constitutional amendments?
54. What are your thoughts on the All India Judicial Service?
55. Considering the 21st century, what major changes do you see in the legal profession?
56. How would you compare the experience in Moot Courts with that of original court proceedings?
57. Is it justifiable to eliminate General Suleimani on foreign soil? Please discuss this in the context of international law.

Environment/Forestry/Botany/ IFoS

1. Could you explain the field of entomology?
2. What does post-harvest technology entail?
3. Is post-harvest technology applicable only to crops, or can it also be employed in forestry?
4. Can you elaborate on KVK and Vana Vigyan Kendra?
5. Define the term “forest habitat.”
6. In forest management, why is wildlife considered important?
7. What is the purpose of environmental impact assessment?
8. How does chemistry play a role in the management of forest produce?
9. In forest management, how would you integrate the knowledge of tribal communities?
10. What is the potential for wildlife tourism in India?
11. Could you outline the provisions of the Indian Forest Management Bill, 2017?
12. Define forest inventory.
13. Explain soil colloidal properties.
14. What is the concept of natural binding capacity?
15. Distinguish between ex-situ and in-situ conservation.
16. What is your stance on the rehabilitation of tribals from protected areas?
17. Discuss the mangrove cover in Maharashtra and the threats faced by mangroves.
18. What is the Green Army?
19. Define ecotourism. Should it be promoted, and how can its environmental impact be minimized?
20. How would you address tribes that restrict access to their island?
21. Balancing the protection of tribal identity with addressing their developmental needs is crucial. How can this balance be achieved?
22. In the event of hostility from tribes, what approach should be taken?
23. What factors should be considered as a threshold for the use of force?
24. What principles should guide the use of force?
25. In your opinion, which national park is effectively managed in your state, and what criteria should be used to assess the management of national parks?
26. Explain the concepts of core, buffer, and transition zones in protected areas.
27. Are you familiar with Joint Forest Management (JFM)?
28. Define Biosphere reserves and their importance. How do they differ from National parks? How many Biosphere reserves are designated by the UN and India?
29. Have you heard of Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)? What is its significance?
30. Differentiate between terrorism and eco-terrorism.
31. What is the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)? Outline its missions.
32. Explain the Forest Rights Act.
33. Describe the Wildlife Protection Act.
34. What is the forest cover area, and how much of the population lives in forests?
35. Identify bird-watching sites in Mumbai and the number of bird species present.
36. How many bird species can you recognize?
37. Distinguish between kite, falcon, and eagle.
38. Define the concept of a biological hotspot and the criteria needed for its designation.
39. Explain the significance of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
40. Outline the salient features of the Draft National Forest Policy.
41. Have you treated any exotic animals, and if so, where?
42. Discuss the concept of large dairy farms in the West and whether it is suitable for implementation in India.
43. Address the issue of handling unproductive animals in the dairy industry.
44. Define Invasive Alien Species.
45. Does the Nilgai come under the category of cows, and what are the issues related to their regulation?
46. Explain the process of photosynthesis, including the raw materials required. How do non-chlorophyll plants produce food?
47. Describe Equatorial rainforests.
48. Highlight the unique aspects of the Amazon rainforest.
49. What is the Hornbill festival?
50. What do you appreciate the most about Northeast India?

Psychology

1. Having studied psychology, how would you apply your understanding of the unconscious, subconscious, and conscious mind in administration?
2. Do you believe administrators rely more on their intellect and less on their emotions in their work?
3. What led you to choose psychology as your optional subject?
4. Can leadership be taught, and can anyone be transformed into a leader, even those without prior experience?
5. What are dreams, and what do modern theories suggest about their meaning?
6. Do you think dreams that occur in the morning are likely to come true?
7. Explain Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and discuss psychological theories that can be applied to understand such disorders.
8. How did you approach the study of philosophy – through primary sources or notes?
9. What aspects of philosophy captivated your interest?
10. Is there a prevalent culture of high tolerance for failure, in your opinion?
11. Do we tend to become overly philosophical at the expense of fulfilling our duties?
12. Why do people increasingly turn to spiritual gurus in contemporary times?
13. Identify the most influential Western philosopher and discuss the philosophers influenced by Immanuel Kant and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.
14. How can principles from Indian philosophy be integrated into administrative practices?
15. Considering that psychology is your optional subject, why do many find it comfortable and easy to learn?
16. In what ways is psychology useful?
17. Explain Freud’s concepts of ID, ego, and superego.
18. Differentiate between intelligent quotient (IQ), emotional quotient (EQ), and spiritual quotient (SQ).
19. Given your mechanical background, where would you position intelligent and emotional quotient in organizational research within the mechanical field?
20. Is psychology considered an adequate science, comparable to other basic sciences like physics?
21. Do you view psychology as an inadequate science?
22. If given a choice, which branch of psychology do you prefer – social or clinical – and why?
23. According to your opinion, who are the three most significant psychologists?
24. Can you explain the concept of child psychology?
25. Define eidetic memory.
26. If there is stress in the workplace, how would you go about reducing it?
27. Provide an overview of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
28. Discuss the perception of humans.
29. Distinguish between a psychologist and a psychiatrist.
30. Enumerate the types of therapies commonly employed by psychologists.
31. Reflect on your proficiency in psychology, given that you have studied the subject for almost three years, akin to a graduate level.

Philosophy

1. Can you provide an explanation of Occam’s razor?
2. With philosophy as your optional subject, can you discuss postmodern philosophies and share your perspective on them?
3. Although you chose philosophy for UPSC, has it impacted your life beyond the exam preparation?
4. Name two philosophers who preceded Socrates.
5. Explain the concepts of body language and the theory regarding eye contact.
6. In the debate between genetics and culture influencing human behavior, what is your stance on the significance of genetics?
7. Define “management by objectives.”
8. Elaborate on the concept of “management by exception.”
9. In simple terms, can you explain Indian philosophy in five lines?
10. The saying goes, “No philosopher is perfect, and no philosophy is perfect.” Can you delve into this idea?
11. What does the term “mandarin” refer to?
12. Which philosophical tradition does China follow?
13. Despite having profound philosophies, why did Indian society succumb to issues like the caste system? What factors contributed to this?
14. Provide an explanation of ethical hacking and discuss whether hacking can be considered ethical.
15. Can you define SAP, and what is hedonism?

Agriculture

1. Could you elaborate on the utilization of agricultural waste?
2. What are your thoughts on collective farming?
3. How can price fluctuations in agriculture be effectively addressed?
4. Can you explain the concept of integrated farming?
5. What are the distinctions between Hybrid and Cybrid?
6. How do Agroforestry, Horticulture, and Agriculture differ from each other?
7. Could you elaborate on the process of electricity generation from Bajra?
8. What factors contribute to the success of collective farming in India?
9. What suggestions do you have to enhance the success of collective farming in India?
10. What is the technical explanation for crop stubble burning?
11. Explain the disparity between MSP calculations proposed by M.S. Swaminathan and the Government of India (GOI).
12. Why has the government not adopted M.S. Swaminathan’s recommendations?
13. What is the current status of the agricultural land market?
14. Can you provide an update on the progress of PM Sinschayee Yojna and PM Fasal Bima Yojana?
15. How can awareness about millets and pulses be increased, and should this responsibility fall on the government or private players?
16. Why should the current cropping pattern be replaced with millets, and is it a viable option?
17. What are the advantages of microfinance?
18. Describe the structure of microfinance in India and identify its sponsors—government or private entities?
19. What initiatives has the Maharashtra government taken for watershed management?
20. Why has the cooperative culture diminished in India?
21. What are the fundamental principles of cooperatives, and what steps is the government taking to promote them?
22. Which neighboring country has the best microfinance model globally?
23. Should agricultural income be subject to taxation, and what are the reasons for your opinion?
24. Is doubling farmers’ income a feasible goal, and what measures are required to achieve it, including providing alternative employment?
25. In which specific areas is the government offering subsidies in agriculture?
26. Do you believe subsidies in agriculture should be rationalized?
27. What are the reasons behind considering the rationalization of subsidies—external pressure from developed countries, WTO obligations, or a shift in our agriculture-related policy? Should we eliminate all subsidies outright?
28. Discuss the health implications linked to GM crops.
29. Explain the Israel Model of Agriculture and assess its feasibility for implementation in India.
30. Provide insights into Climate-Smart Agriculture.
31. Is the concept of cooperative farming viable in India?

Economics

1. What’s the distinction between tax avoidance and tax planning?
2. How can we increase tax revenue? What measures can be taken?
3. Explain the Hecksher Ohlin model.
4. Differentiate between external and internal economies of scale.
5. What are the factors of production?
6. Explain the theory of marginal utility and the methods used to measure utility.
7. Can you name some well-known Indian economists? Are you familiar with Mehta? Share information about Jagdish Bhagwati’s contributions.
8. What positive outcomes did demonetization achieve? Was RBI prepared for it, and why did RBI fail as a regulator?
9. How are banknotes printed, and why don’t we use non-Gandhi banknotes?
10. There’s a common belief that the police are very corrupt, but I argue that RBI is more corrupt than the police.
11. Define corporate governance and discuss current key issues. What recent amendments have been made to the Companies Act, 2013? How does having independent directors help?
12. Why is CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) compulsory? Which law mandates it, and what are the criteria for CSR?
13. What is GST, and how does it differ from the previous tax system? Can you provide an overview?
14. Distinguish between GDP and GNP.
15. How is inequality measured? Is the Gini coefficient a reliable measure? Is inequality good or bad, and how does it impact society?
16. Is export-led growth truly necessary? Why should we focus on exports instead of the domestic market?
17. How much of the world’s trade does India contribute to, and has this increased or decreased recently?
18. What is per capita GDP, and what are India’s per capita GDP and total GDP?
19. What is GDP, which country has the highest GDP, and where does India rank in world GDP?
20. What is inclusive growth, and does this mean we exclude the rich and well-off?
21. What is innovation, and what role do disruptive technologies play in employment?
22. Explain the concept of the 4th industrial revolution and India’s strategy in skill building. How can technology create more jobs?
23. Compare fiscal stimulus and private investment. Which is better?
24. How can tax collections be improved and revenue deficit reduced?
25. How can the situation be corrected where consumers pay high prices for food, but farmers don’t get a fair price?
26. Do we have sufficient legal measures for data security, and which committee recently reported on data protection?
27. What is an e-way bill?
28. Explain the composition of the GST Council.
29. Retail inflation has decreased due to lower vegetable prices, benefiting consumers but hurting farmers. What should be done to help farmers?
30. Why do you think the RBI governor should head the board, and should there be an independent payment regulatory board?
31. What are three major issues between the RBI and the government?
32. Why should the RBI be independent, and is the central bank of other nations, like the Bank of England, also independent?
33. In your opinion, who would be better as an RBI governor, an economist, or a bureaucrat?
34. List some benefits of GST, and should petroleum and liquor be included in GST?
35. Explain the concept of microfinance, and have you heard about the successful microfinance story in Bangladesh?
36. Can you explain why defense manufacturing is crucial for Make in India? List five points.
37. What percentage of our GDP is allocated to the defense budget, and what do you think would be an appropriate percentage?
38. How does our spending on defense budget compare to other countries?
39. What is a green budget, and can you suggest some innovative ways to promote it as an administrator?
40. Have you heard about RBI and SBI? What sets them apart?
41. Something related to RBI is happening today (Monetary Policy Committee). What is it? What is the repo rate, and why does RBI fix the repo rate?
42. While inflation is generally considered good for the economy, why do you think inflation is bad?
43. What happens when inflation goes beyond the range you mentioned?
44. Are you suggesting that the economy will enter a recession if inflation is not controlled?
45. What occurred in the PNB scam, and what are the functions of RBI?
46. Explain the difference between a microfinance bank and a scheduled commercial bank.
47. Differentiate between investment banks and commercial banks.
48. What actions did RBI take against PNB as a penalty?
49. What are the eligibility criteria for a company to be granted a banking license?
50. Define the role of RBI and discuss why it couldn’t prevent the PNB debacle.
51. Under the BR Act, RBI has various powers. Why were they not utilized?
52. Your optional subject is Economics. Is the Ricardian theory of Rent relevant in today’s world?
53. Who sets the interest rates?
54. Is the frequent reduction in the repo rate good for India?
55. What factors hinder growth in rural areas? Do cultural and traditional factors play a role?
56. Don’t you think cultural factors significantly impede growth in rural areas?
57. Why is education poor in rural areas, especially for girls? What can be done to improve it?
58. How would you introduce online education to rural areas?
59. What factors prevent us from fully benefiting from the demographic dividend?
60. Some states provide free power. Is this a good idea, and why?
61. What is the Finance Commission, and what is its role?
62. What are the economic issues, and why is rural consumption demand low?

Literature

1. Can you list the ancient Sanskrit manuscripts?
2. Have you read Manusmriti?
3. You studied Sanskrit in 10th and 12th grade. Was choosing Sanskrit a deliberate decision, and why did you continue with it in 12th grade?
4. Share the history of Kannada.
5. Which dynasty made the most significant contributions to Kannada literature?
6. Why is there always controversy when any government tries to revive Sanskrit?
7. Do you believe in identity politics based on language? Why does it happen?
8. What is literature, and can newspapers be considered literature?
9. Why is it important to study literature, and how does it help in understanding society?
10. Do you think literature has deteriorated over time?
11. Why study Kannada literature (or any literature)?
12. What are the differences between literature in ancient times and the present?
13. Are there new forms of literature? Name some of your favorite writers.
14. Why did you choose Kannada literature as an optional subject despite having an engineering degree?
15. Define literature.
16. What are the differences between prose and poetry?

Sanskrit

1. Can you clarify the official language policy? Is it possible to make Sanskrit an official language?
2. After studying computer science, why did you choose Sanskrit as an optional subject? Could you mention some scholars in the field?
3. Why are students hesitant to study Sanskrit? What issues exist in our education system that contribute to this reluctance?

Maths

1. Which prize is given to people working in Maths below a certain age? Do you know who got it recently?

FAQs on UPSC Mock Interview – Questions on Optional Subjects

Q1. Why does the UPSC panel inquire about optional subjects in the interview?

A. The optional subject discussion helps the panel assess a candidate’s in-depth understanding of a specific area, their analytical skills, and their ability to articulate complex concepts.

Q2. How important is the optional subject in the overall UPSC interview process?

A. The optional subject holds significant weight as it allows the panel to evaluate the candidate’s specialized knowledge. It complements the general studies and essay papers, offering a more comprehensive view of the candidate’s academic competence.

Q3. Can I choose an optional subject not related to my academic background?

A. Yes, candidates are free to choose any optional subject, even if it’s not directly related to their academic background. However, it’s advisable to select an optional subject that aligns with one’s interests and has ample study material available.

Q4. Should I choose the same optional subject I studied in college for the UPSC exam?

A. While it can be an advantage to choose a subject you are familiar with, it’s not mandatory. Candidates often succeed with optional subjects they start from scratch but have a keen interest in.

Q5. Is it recommended to opt for a popular optional subject or go for a less common one?

A. The popularity of an optional subject should not be the sole criterion for selection. Choose a subject based on your interest, the availability of study material, and your understanding of the subject matter.

Q6. How can I prepare for questions related to my optional subject during the interview?

A. Be well-versed in the core concepts of your optional subject. Prepare to discuss recent developments, research findings, and your personal views on topics related to your chosen subject.

Q7. What if I face a question related to my optional subject that I’m not familiar with during the UPSC interview?

A. It’s okay not to know every detail. Acknowledge your limited knowledge on the specific aspect and express your willingness to learn more. The panel is often interested in assessing your humility and willingness to admit gaps in knowledge.

Q8. Can the optional subject discussion lead to a detailed technical interview?

A. Yes, the panel may delve into technical aspects of your optional subject. Be prepared to answer questions that test your understanding, analytical skills, and application of knowledge.

Q9. Should I bring any study material or notes related to my optional subject to the UPSC interview?

A. It’s not necessary to bring study material. However, having a good understanding of your optional subject and staying updated on recent developments will enhance your confidence during the discussion.

Q10. Can the panel ask questions beyond the syllabus of my optional subject?

A. Yes, the panel may ask questions beyond the standard syllabus to assess your critical thinking and the depth of your understanding. Stay open to discussing broader perspectives related to your subject.

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