Analyse the multidimensıonal challenges posed by external state and non-state actors, to the internal security of India. Also discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats. (250 Words 15 Marks)

India faces complex security challenges from external state and non-state actors, including cyber threats and cross-border tensions. Combating these demands a comprehensive approach—enhancing intelligence capabilities, strengthening border security, and international cooperation—to ensure robust defense mechanisms and safeguard internal security.

UPSC Mains General Studies Paper – 3 Mains 2021

UPSC Mains Civil Services IAS Exam Question Paper – 2021      

Answer

Approach    

• Start with a brief introduction with the reference of the need for internal security for India.
• Analyse the multidimensional challenges posed by external state and non-state actors, to the internal security of India.
• Discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats.
• Conclusion accordingly.   

Answer

Introduction   

• Internal security has become a matter of utmost significance for India, especially as the nation aims to ascend to a prominent position among the international community. This ascent is accompanied by an increase in the complexity and severity of security challenges. India encounters a multitude of threats on the front of internal security, stemming from both external states and non-state actors. These diverse actors contribute to the intricate nature of India’s internal security landscape.

The multidimensional challenges posed by external state and non-state actors, to the internal security of India: India’s internal security is confronted with a plethora of multidimensional challenges posed by external state and non-state actors. These challenges can have wide-ranging impacts on the stability and well-being of the country. Here are these challenges:

1. State-Sponsored Terrorism: External state actors, such as Pakistan, have been accused of sponsoring and supporting terrorist organisations to carry out attacks on Indian soil. The 2008 Mumbai terror attacks, orchestrated by Pakistan-based militants, is a prime example of state-sponsored terrorism that posed a significant threat to India’s internal security.
2. Insurgency and Separatism: Various regions in India experience insurgency and separatist movements fueled by external state actors seeking to exploit existing grievances. For instance, in Jammu and Kashmir, there have been instances of cross-border infiltration and support provided by Pakistan to separatist groups, leading to prolonged internal security challenges in the region.
3. Cyber Threats: Non-state actors, including hackers and cybercriminals, pose significant challenges to India’s internal security through cyber warfare, espionage, and information warfare. The 2016 cyber attack on the Indian banking sector, allegedly carried out by state-sponsored hackers from North Korea, highlighted the vulnerability of critical infrastructure to cyber threats.
4. Transnational Organized Crime: Non-state actors involved in transnational organised crime, such as drug trafficking, arms smuggling, and human trafficking, can undermine internal security. The activities of criminal syndicates across borders pose challenges to law enforcement agencies and have implications for social stability and public safety.
5. Radicalization and Extremism: Non-state actors, including religious extremist groups, can exploit socio-economic disparities and religious tensions to radicalise individuals and promote violence. The emergence of groups like the Indian Mujahideen, which carried out various terror attacks in India, demonstrates the challenges posed by non-state actors in promoting radical ideologies.
6. Economic Espionage: External state actors engage in economic espionage to gain access to sensitive technological, industrial, and commercial information. Such activities can undermine India’s economic security and competitiveness in the global arena.

Measures required to be taken to combat these threats: To combat the multidimensional threats posed by external state and non-state actors to India’s internal security, several measures need to be taken. Here are some of the measures that can be undertaken:

1. Intelligence Sharing and Coordination: Strengthening intelligence gathering and sharing mechanisms among various intelligence agencies at the national and international levels is crucial. Timely and accurate intelligence helps in identifying potential threats and taking preventive measures. For instance, intelligence sharing between India and the United States played a pivotal role in thwarting multiple terror attacks.
2. Border Management and Surveillance: Enhancing border security through the deployment of advanced surveillance technologies, increasing border patrols, and improving infrastructure can help prevent cross-border infiltration and smuggling. The implementation of smart border management systems, like the Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System (CIBMS), along the India-Pakistan border is an example of such measures.
3. Law Enforcement and Counterterrorism Measures: Strengthening law enforcement agencies, equipping them with modern technologies, and providing specialised training in counterterrorism and intelligence gathering are essential. Additionally, effective legislation and prosecution of individuals involved in terrorist activities ensure that justice is served. The establishment of specialised counterterrorism units, like the National Investigation Agency (NIA), has improved India’s ability to tackle terrorism-related crimes.
4. International Cooperation and Diplomacy: Engaging in international partnerships and cooperation, especially with neighbouring countries, is crucial to address cross-border threats effectively. Collaborative efforts in intelligence sharing, joint operations, and extradition of wanted criminals enhance the collective ability to combat transnational security challenges. The extradition of key terrorists like Abu Salem from Portugal to India demonstrates the significance of international cooperation in dealing with threats.
5. Counter-Radicalization and Community Engagement: Implementing comprehensive strategies to counter radicalization and extremism is vital. Promoting community engagement programs, providing education and employment opportunities, and conducting awareness campaigns help in preventing the spread of radical ideologies. The ‘Imams Online’ initiative, where influential Islamic leaders counter extremist narratives through online platforms, is an example of community-led efforts against radicalization.
6. Cybersecurity Measures: Strengthening cybersecurity capabilities to safeguard critical infrastructure, government systems, and private networks is imperative. Developing robust cybersecurity frameworks, promoting public-private partnerships, and enhancing capabilities to detect and respond to cyber threats are essential. The establishment of the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) showcases India’s commitment to cybersecurity.

Conclusion

Hence, as India strives to assume a significant role among nations, internal security has become a matter of paramount importance. The country faces a range of security threats from external states and non-state actors. By adopting a comprehensive approach that encompasses intelligence gathering, robust law enforcement measures, and international cooperation, India endeavours to effectively manage these challenges, maintain internal stability, and play a constructive role in global security endeavours.

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