UPSC Geography Optional Mains Solved Paper 2023

The dynamic nature of Earth’s geology has been unveiled through compelling evidence from palaeomagnetism and the concept of sea floor spreading, fundamentally challenging the traditional notion of stationary continents and ocean basins.

Economic geology focuses on the exploration and exploitation of mineral and energy resources essential for sustaining modern economies.

Deep Ecology and Shallow Ecology represent two contrasting perspectives on environmental philosophy, each offering distinct approaches to our relationship with nature.

Ocean ranching refers to the practice of cultivating and managing marine species in controlled environments to enhance their populations and ensure sustainable harvesting.

Geostrophic wind is a crucial concept in meteorology that describes the horizontal wind velocity in the upper atmosphere under the influence of the balance between the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis effect.