Introduction:
The Sangam literature comprises approximately 2381 poems attributed to 473 poets, with 102 poets remaining anonymous during the Sangam Age in South India. Spanning from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD, this era witnessed the flourishing of trade, culture, and diverse socio-economic activities.
Body:
Sangam Literature as a Mirror of Society:
- Political Landscape: Providing glimpses into the political structure of the time, Sangam literature reflects the presence of multiple dynasties, such as the Cheras, Cholas, and Pandyas. Poems often detail the deeds and conquests of kings, shedding light on the political history of the Sangam Age.
- Social Hierarchy: The division of land based on ecological features, as mentioned in Tolkappiyam, reveals the society’s agricultural and ecological awareness. This division also emphasizes the fourfold caste system of Arasar (ruling class), Anthanar (playing a significant role in society and religion), Vanigar (engaged in trade and commerce), and Vellar (dedicated to agriculture).
- Position of Women: Sangam literature illustrates the multifaceted roles of women in society. While female poets like Avvaiyar thrived, the poems also highlight the virtue of ‘Karpu’ (chaste life) for women. The practice of love marriages and the agency of women in choosing their life partners are evident.
Sangam Literature as a Glimpse into the Economy:
- Agriculture: The poems underscore the importance of rice cultivation, the primary occupation during the Sangam Age. The division of land based on ecological zones, as described in Tolkappiyam, emphasizes the significance of agriculture.
- Craftsmanship: Sangam literature acknowledges skilled craftsmanship, including weaving, metalworking, shipbuilding, and adornment-making. These crafts played a crucial role in trade and contributed to the economic prosperity of the era.
- Trade and Commerce: The Sangam Age witnessed thriving trade networks, both domestically and internationally. The export of cotton and silk garments, spices, ivory, pearls, and precious stones, along with the import of horses, gold, and wine, contributed to economic growth.
- Currency and Trade Links: The discovery of Roman gold and silver coins in Tamil Nadu suggests trade links with the Roman Empire, indicating the extent of economic interactions and trade during the Sangam Age.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, Sangam literature provides valuable insights into the society, economy, and politics of the Sangam Age, offering a comprehensive understanding of this remarkable period in South Indian history. It highlights the multifaceted aspects of life, culture, and commerce during that time, underscoring its enduring significance in Indian history.
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