UPSC Weekly Current Affairs Quiz – 17th February 2024

Welcome to this week’s current affairs quiz, where we’ll test your knowledge of the latest and most significant events happening around the world. In a rapidly changing global landscape, staying informed is essential. This quiz aims to challenge your understanding of the key developments in politics, science, technology, culture, and more. So, whether you’re a news enthusiast or just looking to keep up with the world’s happenings, join us as we delve into the headlines of the week and put your current affairs expertise to the test. Let’s get started!

Q1. Consider the following statements regarding High Altitude Pseudo Satellites 

1. Positioned above 20 km in the stratosphere, these solar-powered aircraft offer very-long-duration flights counted in months or even years 
2. One of the major disadvantages is their high cost for both production and deployment. 

Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

A.     Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I 

B.     Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I  

C.     Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect  

D.     Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct 

Answer:  C 

Why this question- Earlier this month, the CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) conducted a successful test of an unmanned aerial vehicle named High Altitude Pseudo Satellite (HAPS) at Challakere, Karnataka.

Source: TH

Explanation:  Statement I is Correct High Altitude Pseudo Satellite (HAPS) Overview  Introduction  Since the 1990s, global initiatives have explored the applications of High Altitude Pseudo Satellites, also known as High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS). Positioned above 20 km in the stratosphere, these solar-powered aircraft offer very-long-duration flights counted in months or even years.  Types of HAPS  HAPS can be unmanned aircraft, including airplanes, airships, or balloons.  Statement II is Incorrect Benefits and Advantages of HAPS  Bridging the Gap  Designed to fill the gap between lower-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and conventional satellites in space.  Applications  Considered for various applications such as telecommunications, emergency/public safety communications, intelligent transportation systems, maritime surveillance, environmental monitoring, and land border control.  Coverage and Cost-Efficiency  HAPS can cover larger areas with less interference compared to ground-based communication networks. Cost far less and are easier to launch compared to traditional satellites.  Significance for India  Border Safeguarding  HAL in collaboration with a start-up is developing a high altitude pseudo satellite for efficient border patrolling and tracking movements along India’s vast land and sea borders.  Features and Capabilities  Equipped with high-definition optical and infra-red cameras, advanced sensors, suitable for round-the-clock missions, border patrolling, target tracking, maritime surveillance, navigation, and missile detection.  International Developments  China’s Aviation Industry Corporation has been working on HAPS platforms for surveillance purposes, successfully testing solar-powered drones for prolonged airborne missions.

Q2. Consider the following statements regarding Dhokra Shilpkala 

1. The term “Dhokra” finds its origin in the Dhokra Damar tribes, renowned metal smiths in Central India 
2. Dhokra Shilpkala stands out due to its unique metal casting method, employing the lost wax casting technique 
3. The livelihoods of traditional artisans are under threat due to rapid urbanization and the adoption of mechanized production methods, endangering the continuity of this ancient craft. 

How many of the statements given above are correct? 

A.   Only one 

B.   Only two  

C.   All three  

D.   None 

Answer: C 

Why this question- Ocher Studio in Chhattisgarh contributes to the preservation of India’s 4,000-year-old craft, Dhokra Shilpkala.

Source: ET

Explanation:  Statement 1 is Correct Dhokra Shilpkala: Unveiling a Traditional Craft  Etymology and Tribal Roots The term “Dhokra” finds its origin in the Dhokra Damar tribes, renowned metal smiths in Central India.  Cultural Genesis Originating in regions like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha, Dhokra Shilpkala has deep roots in the cultural and religious practices of tribal communities.   Statement 2 is Correct Distinctive Casting Technique Dhokra Shilpkala stands out due to its unique metal casting method, employing the lost wax casting technique, known as cire perdue.  Artistic Flair and Designs Exhibiting a rustic charm, the artistry in Dhokra Shilpkala draws inspiration from nature, mythology, and daily life. Motifs include animals, birds, deities, and tribal symbols, portraying an organic and captivating design.  Diverse Artistic Expressions Ranging from miniature figurines and jewelry to larger sculptures and functional items, Dhokra Shilpkala encompasses a broad spectrum of artistic creations. Statement 3 is Correct  Challenges Faced The livelihoods of traditional artisans are under threat due to rapid urbanization and the adoption of mechanized production methods, endangering the continuity of this ancient craft.

Q3. Consider the following statements regarding Frozen Smoke 

1. Developed in the 1930s, aerogel, colloquially known as frozen smoke 
2. They are known for very low thermal resistivity 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

1. 1 only 
2. 2 only 
3. Both 1 and 2 
4. Neither 1 nor 2 

Answer: A 

Why this question– Scientists have created a sensor using “frozen smoke,” incorporating artificial intelligence methods to detect real-time concentrations of formaldehyde, reaching levels as low as eight parts per billion.

Source: PO

Explanation:  Statement 1 is Correct Frozen Smoke: Unveiling the Wonders of Aerogel  Historical Origins Developed in the 1930s, aerogel, colloquially known as frozen smoke, stands out as an extraordinary material.  Etymology The term “aerogel” is a fusion of the Greek words “aero” (meaning air) and “gel,” reflecting its origin from gels.  Miracle Material Recognition Acknowledged as a miracle material, aerogel boasts remarkable properties that make it unique in various applications.  Statement 2 is Incorrect Properties of Aerogel  Low Density Aerogel exhibits an exceptionally low density, contributing to its lightweight nature.  High Thermal Resistivity Known for high thermal resistivity, aerogel effectively insulates against heat transfer.  Highly Porous Structure Characterized by a highly porous structure, aerogel resembles a fine, dry sponge in texture.  Lightest Solid Material Holding the distinction of being the lightest solid in the world, aerogel showcases its extraordinary lightweight composition.  Resilient Texture When lightly pressed, aerogel effortlessly returns to its original form, akin to a dry sponge. However, increased pressure may result in the formation of a dimple, and excessive force can cause it to shatter like glass into tiny pieces.  Air Composition Composed predominantly of air, aerogels leverage their porous structure for various applications, including the removal of contaminants.  Versatile Applications  Contaminant Removal Due to its unique structure, aerogel proves effective in the removal of contaminants, showcasing its versatility in different industrial and scientific applications.

Q4. Consider the following statements regarding the Kalasa-Banduri Project 

1. The Kalasa-Banduri Project entails the development of dams and a canal system to redirect water from the Malaprabha River to the Mahadayi River basin. 
2. The project involves constructing barrages along the Kalasa and Banduri streams, both tributaries of the Mahadayi River 
3. The Mahadayi River originates in the Western Ghats, flowing from the Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka’s Belagavi district 

How many of the statements given above are correct? 

A.  Only one 

B.  Only two  

C.  All three  

D.  None 

    Answer: B 

Why this question- The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) has postponed the verdict on the allocation of forest land from the Kali and Sahyadri tiger reserves for the development of a segment of the Kalasa-Banduri Project proposed by the Karnataka government.

Source: HT

Explanation:  Statement 1 is Incorrect Kalasa-Banduri Project Overview  Project Description The Kalasa-Banduri Project entails the development of dams and a canal system to redirect water from the Mahadayi River, situated in Goa, to the Malaprabha River basin in Karnataka.  Objective The primary objective of the project is to address the drinking water requirements of Karnataka’s Belagavi, Dharwad, Bagalkot, and Gadag districts.  Statement 2 is Correct Historical Background Proposed in the early 1980s, the project has faced obstacles, remaining unrealized due to disputes involving Karnataka, Goa, and Maharashtra.  Implementation Plan The project involves constructing barrages along the Kalasa and Banduri streams, both tributaries of the Mahadayi River.  These barrages aim to divert water to alleviate the water scarcity in Karnataka’s designated districts.  Statement 3 is Correct  Mahadayi River Key Facts  Origin The Mahadayi River originates in the Western Ghats, flowing from the Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka’s Belagavi district.  Course Traversing 35 km in Karnataka and 82 km in Goa, the river eventually meets the Arabian Sea at Panji in North-Goa. Known as Mandovi in Goa, it serves as a rain-fed river shared by Karnataka and Goa for their water needs.  Significant Location The Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary is situated on the Chorao Island within the Mandovi River.  Major Tributaries Key tributaries of the Mahadayi River include Kalasa Nala, Banduri Nala, Surla Nala, Haltar Nala, Poti Nala, Mahadayi Nala, Pansheer Nala, Bail Nala, and Andher Nala.

Q5. With reference to Thames River consider the following statements 

1. It holds the title of the longest river in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom after the River Severn 
2. Thames contributes all of London’s drinking water needs 

Which of the statements given above is/are not correct? 

1. 1 only 
2. 2 only 
3. Both 1 and 2 
4. Neither 1 nor 2 

Answer: B 

Why this question– UK authorities stated that the individual sought in connection with the recent chemical attack is believed to have jumped into the Thames River and perished.

Source: WION

Explanation:  Statement 1 is Correct About Thames River The Thames River is a 346-km river flowing through southern England. It holds the title of the longest river in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom after the River Severn. The Thames’ basin covers approximately 16,130 sq.km, with its source at Thames Head near Kemble in the Cotswold Hills, Gloucestershire County. Flowing into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary, the Nore marks the sandbank at the estuary’s mouth.  Statement 2 is Incorrect The river passes through cities such as London, Reading, Hendley-on-Thomas, Windsor, and Oxford (known as the Isis River). Thames contributes two-thirds of London’s drinking water. Historically, it has served as a crucial transportation route, facilitating trade and commerce between London and other regions. Main tributaries include Lea, Leach, Churn, Coln, Windrush, Kennet, Evenlode, Ock, and Loddon.

Q6. Consider the following statements regarding Indian judiciary 

1. Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with the prior permission of the President of India 
2. A High Court in India unlike the Supreme Court does not have the power to review its own judgement. 

Select the correct answer using code given below: 

A.     Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I 

B.     Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I  

C.     Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect  

D.     Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct 

Answer:  D 

Why this question- The Supreme Court of India (SC) recently marked its Diamond Jubilee Celebration (75th anniversary) at the Supreme Court Auditorium in Delhi, coinciding with the 75th anniversary of the Indian Constitution.

Source: PIB

Explanation:  Statement I is Correct According to Article 128 of the Indian Constitution, the Chief Justice of India can request any retired judge of the Supreme Court to act as a judge of the Supreme Court.  However, the retired judge can only do so with the prior permission of the President of India.  This provision allows for the appointment of retired judges to handle pending cases or to address an increase in workload.  Statement II is Incorrect This statement is incorrect. Both the Supreme Court and High Courts in India have the power to review their own judgments.  The power of review is provided under Article 137 of the Indian Constitution, which empowers the Supreme Court to review any judgment pronounced or order made by it.  Similarly, Article 226 for High Courts provides the authority to review their own decisions.  The review process is generally exercised in cases where there is an error apparent on the face of the record or in situations of miscarriage of justice.

Q7.Consider the following statements   

1. Ajanta comprises 29 caves constructed between the 2nd century BC and the 6th century AD, while Ellora encompasses 34 caves dating from the 6th to the 11th centuries AD 
2. Ajanta Caves predominantly served as Buddhist retreats, featuring meditation cells, assembly halls, and stupas 
3. Swadesh Darshan Scheme aims to develop sustainable and responsible tourism destinations and is 100% funded by the centre. 

How many of the statements given above are correct? 

A.   Only one 

B.   Only two  

C.   All three  

D.   None 

Answer: C 

Why this question- Recently, the Ministry of Tourism incorporated the UNESCO World Heritage sites of Ajanta and Ellora caves in Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar under its Swadesh Darshan Scheme II.

Source: TOI

Explanation:  Statement 1 is Correct About Ajanta and Ellora Caves  Located near Aurangabad in Maharashtra, Ajanta and Ellora caves are renowned examples of ancient rock-cut caves. The complex boasts exquisite sculptures, paintings, and frescoes, housing Buddhist monasteries, Hindu, and Jain temples. Ajanta comprises 29 caves constructed between the 2nd century BC and the 6th century AD, while Ellora encompasses 34 caves dating from the 6th to the 11th centuries AD.  Statement 2 is Correct About Ajanta and Ellora Caves  Ajanta Caves predominantly served as Buddhist retreats, featuring meditation cells, assembly halls, and stupas. Ellora exhibits a diverse mix of Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist structures, adorned with sculptures reflecting spiritual beliefs of the era. The Kailash Temple in Ellora, a monumental monolithic structure carved from a single rock, is a marvel that took 18 years to complete. Designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, these caves showcase rich cultural and religious diversity.  Statement 3 is Correct  Key Facts about Swadesh Darshan Scheme  Launched in 2015 by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, the Swadesh Darshan Scheme aims to develop sustainable and responsible tourism destinations. As a 100% centrally funded scheme, it provides financial assistance for tourism infrastructure development to state governments, Union Territory Administrations, or Central Agencies. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) responsibilities for projects sanctioned under the Swadesh Darshan Scheme lie with the respective State Government/UT Administration.    Swadesh Darshan 2.0  Revamped as Swadesh Darshan 2.0 (SD2.0), the scheme focuses on sustainable and responsible tourist destination development, covering infrastructure, services, human capital, management, and promotion. SD2.0 seeks to increase private sector investment in tourism and hospitality, fostering Public Private Partnerships (PPP) for tourism development and asset maintenance.

Q8. Consider the following statements regarding Delimitation Commission 

1. The orders of the Delimitation Commission cannot be challenged in a Court of Law 
2. When the orders of the Delimitation Commission are laid before the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly, they cannot effect any modification in the orders 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

1. 1 only 
2. 2 only 
3. Both 1 and 2 
4. Neither 1 nor 2 

Answer: C 

Why this question– The delimitation of constituencies for the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies is scheduled to take place following the First Census conducted after the year 2026.

Source: TH

Explanation:  Statement 1 is Correct The Delimitation Commission is a high-powered body responsible for readjusting the division of each state and union territory into territorial constituencies for the purpose of elections to the Lok Sabha and state legislatures.  The Delimitation Act, 2002, explicitly mentions that the orders made by the Delimitation Commission are final and cannot be questioned in any court.  The Act provides a legal shield against any challenge in a court of law, emphasizing the finality of the decisions made by the Commission.  Statement 2 is Correct According to the Delimitation Act, 2002, once the Delimitation Commission submits its orders, they are laid before the Lok Sabha or the State Legislative Assembly, as the case may be.  However, these legislative bodies do not have the authority to modify the orders.  The orders become final and cannot be altered or amended by the Parliament or the State Legislative Assembly.  This provision ensures the independence and autonomy of the Delimitation Commission in its task of constituency delimitation

Q9. Consider the following statements regarding Gas flaring 

1. Gas flaring involves the combustion of methane gas associated with oil extraction 
2. Flaring persists due to safety, even though it is wasteful and polluting, providing a relatively safe method to dispose of associated gas from oil production 
3. Flare combustion converts hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water, reducing climate impact and on-site safety concerns but producing nitrogen oxides (NOx) 

How many of the statements given above are correct? 

A.  Only one 

B.  Only two  

C.  All three  

D.  None 

    Answer: B 

Why this question- Recently gathered samples of natural gas flares from aircraft in various regions of the USA have shown significant variations in estimates of nitrogen oxide emissions.

Source: PO

Explanation:  Statement 1 is Incorrect About Gas Flaring  Gas flaring involves the combustion of natural gas associated with oil extraction.  Statement 2 is Correct Reasons for Gas Flaring  Flaring persists due to safety, even though it is wasteful and polluting, providing a relatively safe method to dispose of associated gas from oil production.  Utilizing associated gas depends on economically viable markets, infrastructure, and financial incentives, often leading to flaring when these conditions are lacking.  Companies may resort to flaring for safety reasons, managing pressure changes during crude oil extraction.  Most flared gas, mainly associated gas, is similar to natural gas used globally but may require processing to remove contaminants.  Associated gas can be used on-site for electricity generation, compressed or liquefied for transportation (CNG or LNG), or converted into liquid forms (synthetic oil, diesel, methanol, DME) using GTL technologies.  Statement 3 is Correct  Environmental Impacts  Flare combustion converts hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water, reducing climate impact and on-site safety concerns but producing nitrogen oxides (NOx).  NOx, including nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, directly and indirectly affects air quality.  Reducing Gas Flaring  Oil producers can re-inject associated gas or utilize it for productive purposes to minimize gas flaring.

Q10.With reference to Mxenes consider the following statements 

1. Mxenes, initially discovered in 2011, belong to a substantial group of three-dimensional (3D) materials, constituting ceramics 
2. Mxenes exhibit promise in various applications such as energy storage (e.g., lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors) due to their high conductivity and extensive surface area 

Which of the statements given above is/are not correct? 

1. 1 only 
2. 2 only 
3. Both 1 and 2 
4. Neither 1 nor 2 

Answer: A 

Why this question– Researchers have recently presented findings on the potential application of MXene coatings for guiding microwaves in space, offering a prospect to reduce the weight of satellite payloads

Source: PO

Explanation:  Statement 1 is Incorrect  About MXenes  Introduction Mxenes, initially discovered in 2011, belong to a substantial group of two-dimensional (2D) materials, constituting ceramics. They stand out among most 2D ceramics due to their inherent conductivity and outstanding volumetric capacitance, arising from their molecular sheets made of carbides and nitrides of transition metals like titanium.  Composition and Origin Derived from a bulk crystal known as MAX, Mxenes have a general formula of Mn+1XnTx. In this formula, M represents an early transition metal, X denotes carbon and/or nitrogen, and T signifies a functional group on the MXene surface, typically O, OH, and F.  Statement 2 is Correct Widespread Usage Titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) is the most commonly employed type of MXene among various variants.  Applications Mxenes exhibit promise in various applications such as energy storage (e.g., lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors) due to their high conductivity and extensive surface area. Other applications include electromagnetic interference shielding, catalysis, sensors, and water purification.  Transition Metals  Definition Transition metals refer to a group of chemical elements characterized by valence electrons in two shells, allowing them to participate in the formation of chemical bonds.  Position on the Periodic Table Occupying the middle sections of the periodic table between left-hand and right-hand groups, transition metals have distinctive properties. They have high melting points and densities, act as catalysts, and are efficient conductors of heat and electricity.  Technological Importance Many transition metals, including titanium, iron, nickel, and copper, hold technological significance. Iron, being the most abundant transition metal in Earth’s solid crust, plays a crucial role.

Q 11. Consider the following statements regarding Mera Gaon, Meri Dharohar Programme 

1. The MGMD initiative covers the cultural mapping of 6.5 lakh villages and is an integral part of the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav 
2. Under the MGMD Programme, information is gathered across nine categories 

Select the correct answer using code given below: 

A.     Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I 

B.     Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I  

C.     Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect  

D.     Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct 

Answer:  C 

Why this question- The Indian government has chosen to undertake the mapping and documentation of all villages as part of the Mera Gaon, Meri Dharohar (MGMD) Programme.

Source: PIB

Explanation:  Statement I is Correct Mera Gaon, Meri Dharohar (MGMD) Programme  The MGMD Programme, a crucial initiative under the National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM) in collaboration with the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA), aims to comprehensively document information about Indian villages.  This includes aspects of life, history, and ethos, making it accessible to both virtual and real-time visitors.  The MGMD initiative covers the cultural mapping of 6.5 lakh villages and is an integral part of the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav (AKAM).  Statement II is Incorrect Under the MGMD Programme, information is gathered across seven categories:  1. Arts and Crafts Village 2. Ecologically Oriented Village 3. Scholastic Village linked with Textual and Scriptural Traditions of India 4. Epic Village linked with Ramayana, Mahabharata, and/or Puranic legends and oral epics 5. Historical Village linked with Local and National History 6. Architectural Heritage Village 7. Any other characteristic that may need highlighting, such as fishing village, horticulture village, shepherding village, etc.  The initiative involves mapping and uploading data on a national portal, creating a comprehensive repository of cultural heritage.

Q12.Consider the following statements regarding components included in the capital budget of the Government of India 

1. Expenditure on acquisition of assets like roads, buildings, machinery, etc 
2. Loans received from foreign governments 
3. Loans and advances granted to the States and Union Territories 

How many of the statements given above are correct? 

A.   Only one 

B.   Only two  

C.   All three  

D.   None 

Answer: C 

Why this question-In addressing India’s fiscal challenges related to national debts, the Ministry of Finance, as outlined in the Interim Budget 2024-25, has resolved to decrease the country’s Fiscal Deficit to 5.1% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the fiscal year 2024-25.

Source: TH

Explanation:  Statement 1 is Correct Expenditure on the acquisition of assets such as roads, buildings, machinery, etc., falls under the capital budget of the Government of India.  This includes investments in physical and financial assets that have long-term benefits.  Statement 2 is Correct Loans received from foreign governments are considered capital receipts rather than revenue receipts.  These loans are utilized for various capital expenditures, and they contribute to the capital budget.  The capital nature of these loans is due to their long-term and developmental orientation.  Statement 3 is Correct Loans and advances granted to the States and Union Territories are part of the capital budget.  These loans are provided for various developmental projects and capital investments at the state and union territory levels.  They represent a capital transfer from the central government to the states and union territories.

Q13. Consider the following statements regarding Subika painting 

1. Inextricably linked to the cultural history of the Naga community. 
2. Efforts are actively underway to revive Manipur’s endangered ancient Subika painting. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

1. 1 only 
2. 2 only 
3. Both 1 and 2 
4. Neither 1 nor 2 

Answer: B 

Why this question– Efforts are actively underway to revive Manipur’s endangered ancient Subika painting style as part of a dedicated initiative to safeguard the state’s cultural legacy.

Source: IE

Explanation:  Statement 1 is Incorrect Subika Painting Style: A Cultural Heritage  Historical Connection with Meitei Community Inextricably linked to the cultural history of the Meitei community. Six surviving manuscripts associated with Subika painting style: Subika, Subika Achouba, Subika Laishaba, Subika Choudit, Subika Cheithil, and Thengrakhel Subika.  Historical Value and Neglect Holds significant historical value in Meitei cultural heritage. Despite its importance, the painting style has faced neglect over the years, resulting in a decline in awareness.  Medium and Materials Paintings executed on handmade paper. Manuscript materials, including handmade paper or tree bark, are locally prepared, emphasizing traditional and indigenous methods.  Statement 2 is Correct Efforts are actively underway to revive Manipur’s endangered ancient Subika painting style as part of a dedicated initiative to safeguard the state’s cultural legacy.

Q14. Consider the following statements regarding India’s satellite launch vehicles 

1. PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites 
2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth 
3. GSLV Mk III is a four-staged launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines 

How many of the statements given above are correct? 

A.  Only one 

B.  Only two  

C.  All three  

D.  None 

    Answer: A 

Why this question-A Green Propulsion System, developed through DRDO’s Technology Development Fund (TDF) scheme, showcased successful in-orbit functionality during the PSLV-C58 Mission.

Source: PIB

Explanation:  Statement 1 is Correct PSLVs (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicles) are primarily used for launching satellites for Earth observation, including remote sensing and resource monitoring.  On the other hand, GSLVs (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicles) are designed for launching communication satellites into geostationary orbits.  Statement 2 is Incorrect PSLV launches satellites into polar orbits, which means they pass over different parts of the Earth on each orbit.  As a result, satellites launched by PSLV are not geostationary and do not appear fixed from a particular location on Earth.  Statement 3 is Incorrect GSLV Mk III (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III) is a three-staged launch vehicle.  The first stage is powered by liquid engines, and the strap-on boosters use solid rocket motors.  The second stage also uses liquid engines, and the third stage is a cryogenic upper stage with liquid engines.  There is no fourth stage.

Q15.With reference to Himalayan Griffon consider the following statements 

1. Himalayan Griffon is found along the Himalayas and the adjoining Tibetan region 
2. It is designated as Vulnerable by IUCN 

Which of the statements given above is/are not correct? 

1. 1 only 
2. 2 only 
3. Both 1 and 2 
4. Neither 1 nor 2 

Answer: B 

Why this question– The inaugural tri-State synchronized vulture survey revealed a count of 320 individual vultures across seven protected areas spanning Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.

Source: TH

Explanation:  Statement 1 is Correct Himalayan Griffon: A Majestic Old World Vulture  Taxonomic Classification An Old World vulture belonging to the family Accipitridae. Among the two largest Old World vultures and classified as true raptors.  Behavior and Nesting Exhibits monogamous behavior with pairs returning to the same nesting and roosting sites annually. A diurnal and predominantly solitary species in its habits.  Distribution Found along the Himalayas and the adjoining Tibetan region. Also located in the Central Asian mountains. Occasional migration to northern India, primarily altitudinal.  Statement 2 is Incorrect Conservation Status IUCN designation: Near Threatened.

Q16.Consider the following statements regarding Alaskapox 

1. It belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus, the same genus as smallpox, monkeypox, and cowpox 
2. Human-to-human transmission of Alaskapox has been observed in 55% of the cases. 

Select the correct answer using code given below: 

A.     Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I 

B.     Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I  

C.     Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect  

D.     Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct 

Answer:  C 

Why this question- An elderly individual from Alaska recently became the initial fatality resulting from contracting Alaskapox.

Source: TN

Explanation:  Statement I is Correct Alaskapox: Overview  Discovery and Location Alaskapox is an orthopox virus first identified in Alaska, USA, in 2015.  Virus Classification It belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus, the same genus as smallpox, monkeypox, and cowpox. Orthopoxviruses are zoonotic, capable of infecting various mammals, including humans.  Target Hosts Current evidence suggests that Alaskapox primarily affects small mammals. Most commonly identified in red-backed voles and shrews.  Statement II is Incorrect Signs and Symptoms Clinical manifestations include skin lesions (bumps or pustules), swollen lymph nodes, and joint/muscle pain. Patients generally experience mild illnesses that self-resolve within a few weeks. Immunocompromised individuals may face a higher risk of severe illness.  Transmission Risk While human-to-human transmission of Alaskapox has not been observed, certain orthopoxviruses can spread through direct contact with lesions, especially broken skin contact with lesion secretions.

Q17.Consider the following statements regarding Kisan Credit Card scheme 

1. Short-term credit support is given to farmers for working capital for maintenance of farm assets 
2. Short-term credit support is given to farmers for purchase of combine harvesters, tractors and mini trucks 
3. Short-term credit support is given to farmers for consumption requirements of farm households 

How many of the statements given above are correct? 

A.   Only one 

B.   Only two  

C.   All three  

D.   None 

Answer: B 

Why this question- The Union Cabinet recently granted approval to the “Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY),” and it has also extended the Fisheries Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF) for an additional three years until 2025-26.

Source: PIB

Explanation:  Statement 1 is Correct The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme primarily aims to provide short-term credit facilities to farmers for covering various aspects of their agricultural operations.  This includes expenses related to the maintenance of farm assets, such as irrigation equipment, tools, and storage facilities.  These expenses fall under the “working capital” category, as they contribute to the continuous functioning of the farm.  Statement 2 is Incorrect While the KCC scheme might offer limited support for acquiring smaller equipment like hand tools or pumps, it typically doesn’t provide credit for large investments like combine harvesters, tractors, or mini trucks.  These fall under the category of investment credit, which KCC generally doesn’t cover.  However, some banks might offer separate loan schemes specifically for such investments.  Statement 3 is Correct  The KCC scheme recognizes the diverse needs of farmers and allows them to utilize credit for essential household expenses beyond just direct agricultural costs.  This can include items like food, clothing, medicines, and education for their families.  This provision ensures some financial security and improves the overall well-being of farm households.

Q18.Consider the following statements regarding the Atmospheric River 

1. An atmospheric river is a lengthy and narrow band of moisture-laden air, transporting substantial water vapor from the tropics to higher latitudes. 
2. The phenomena of atmospheric rivers is confined to the US West Coast bringing in copious rainfall. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

1. 1 only 
2. 2 only 
3. Both 1 and 2 
4. Neither 1 nor 2 

Answer: A 

Why this question– California in the United States is currently facing an unprecedented weather event referred to as an Atmospheric River, commonly known as the Pineapple Express Storm. This phenomenon has the capacity to release as much as 8 trillion gallons of rain across the state.

Source: TOI

Explanation:  Statement 1 is Correct Atmospheric River: A Moisture Transport Phenomenon  Overview An atmospheric river is a lengthy and narrow band of moisture-laden air, transporting substantial water vapor from the tropics to higher latitudes. Often associated with mT (Maritime Tropical) air mass, these rivers release intense precipitation upon making landfall, leading to either rain or snow depending on altitude and temperature.  Pineapple Express: A Notable Atmospheric River  The “Pineapple Express” exemplifies atmospheric river storms affecting the US West Coast, particularly California. Draws moisture from tropical waters near Hawaii, resembling an express train of moisture linked with pineapples. Driven by a robust southern branch of the polar jet stream, it transports humid, warm mT air from as far as the Hawaiian Islands.  Statement 2 is Incorrect Categories of Atmospheric Rivers: Assessing Impact  Category 1 (Weak) Milder and shorter weather events with primarily beneficial effects, such as 24 hours of modest rainfall.  Category 2 (Moderate) Moderate storms with a mix of beneficial and hazardous effects.  Category 3 (Strong) More powerful and longer-lasting, bringing both beneficial and hazardous impacts.  Category 4 (Extreme) Primarily hazardous, with the potential for heavy rain over several days leading to floods.  Category 5 (Exceptional) Predominantly hazardous in nature.  Significance of Atmospheric Rivers: Water Supply and Management  Crucial role in replenishing water supplies, particularly in regions like the western United States. Significant contribution to reservoir levels, aiding in alleviating drought conditions and ensuring water availability for various purposes.  Global Occurrence of Atmospheric Rivers: Beyond the US West Coast  Not confined to the US West Coast; they occur worldwide, affecting regions such as the UK, Ireland, Norway, and China. Impact the rainy season in China, known as Mei-Yu season.  Frequency and Predictability: A Key Aspect  While comprising only 17% of storms on the US West Coast, atmospheric rivers significantly contribute to California’s precipitation, snowpack, and major floods. Predictable and forecastable up to a week in advance, allowing for effective preparation and management.

Q19. Consider the following statements regarding Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India 

1. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory 
2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status 
3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far 

How many of the statements given above are correct? 

A.  Only one 

B.  Only two  

C.  All three  

D.  None 

    Answer: B 

Why this question- Two bills, aimed at modifying the lists of Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) in Andhra Pradesh and Odisha, were recently passed by voice vote in the Lok Sabha.

Source: TH

Explanation:  Statement 1 is Correct There are currently 75 identified PVTGs in India, residing across 18 states and the Union Territory of Andaman & Nicobar Islands.  You can find the official list of PVTGs and their respective states on the website of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs: https://tribal.nic.in/ST/StatewisePvTGsList.pdf  Statement 2 is Correct One of the key characteristics used to identify PVTGs is a relatively small and stagnant or declining population size.  According to the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, most PVTGs have populations less than 1000, with some even numbering less than 50 individuals.  This factor, combined with other characteristics like pre-agricultural technology, low literacy rates, and economic backwardness, contributes to their vulnerability.  Statement 3 is Incorrect  Currently, there are only 75 officially notified PVTGs in India as per the latest list maintained by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.  The number 95 might be outdated or referring to a different classification system altogether.

Q20.With reference to Nazool Land consider the following statements 

1. Nazool land is government-owned land and is administered as state property. 
2. Emerged during British rule, post-battles with opposing kings who lost their lands 

Which of the statements given above is/are not correct? 

1. 1 only 
2. 2 only 
3. Both 1 and 2 
4. Neither 1 nor 2 

Answer: A 

Why this question– Uttarakhand recently witnessed outbreaks of violence following the demolition of a mosque and a madrasa situated on Nazool land.

Source: IS

Explanation:  Statement 1 is Incorrect Nazool Land: Overview and Governance  Ownership and Administration Nazool land is government-owned but not directly administered as state property. Typically, the state allocates such land on lease for fixed periods, ranging from 15 to 99 years.  Lease Renewal Process Leaseholders can approach the authority for renewal by submitting a written application to the Revenue Department of the local development authority. The government has the discretion to either renew or cancel the lease, reclaiming Nazool land.  Allotment Across India Nazool land is allocated to various entities for diverse purposes in major cities across India.  Statement 2 is Correct Historical Origin Emerged during British rule, post-battles with opposing kings who lost their lands. British took possession, and after Independence, these lands became Nazool land, owned by state governments.  Usage by the Government Governments utilize Nazool land for public infrastructure like schools, hospitals, Gram Panchayat buildings, etc. In several cities, Nazool land is leased for housing societies.  Legal Framework The Nazool Lands (Transfer) Rules, 1956, primarily govern Nazool land adjudication. While various states may issue government orders, this law is commonly used for regulatory purposes

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