Thursday, 10th November 2022
SC upholds constitutional validity of EWS quota
In news:
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About Economically Weaker Section
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The Apex Court recently upheld the validity of the 103rd Constitutional Amendment, which allows a 10% quota for the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) among non-OBC and non-SC/ST sections of the population.
Beyond News:
- The Amendment, which inserted Articles 15(6) and 16(6) in the Constitution, was challenged stating that it violated the basic structure of the Constitution.
- SC introduced the doctrine of basic structure in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), by which it ruled that certain aspects of Constitution were inviolable, and could not be changed.
Content Source Link:
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-upholds-validity-of-ews-quota/article66106470.ece,
https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ews-quota-supreme-court-103rd-constitutional-amendment-8253955/
Image Source Link:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmobile.twitter.com%2Fhashtag%2Fews&psig=AOvVaw1gvmfqKbo4pT9gzzAOy-N2&ust=1668071734286000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA4QjhxqFwoTCID2iMvhoPsCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
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Gold purchase trends - Edukemy Current Affairs
In News:
According to the World Gold Council, central banks across the globe are on a gold buying spree purchasing record levels of Gold in the third quarter of 2022.
Beyond News:
- Reserve Bank of India was the third largest among the known buyers in Q3 of 2022 as it added 17.5 tonnes to the reserves.
- RBI has bought 399.3 tonnes of yellow metal compared to 90.6 tonnes in the same quarter of 2021 which is the highest purchase in a quarter, in more than a decade.
Factors responsible for the surge in gold purchases:
- Economic Uncertainty: Under prevailing high inflationary pressure and global growth uncertainties gold can be used as a tool to hedge against inflation with no risk of default.
- Historically Gold has always been a critical component of a country’s reserves.
- Due to the appreciation of the dollar, its weightage in the country’s overall reserves would have gone up. Gold could rebalance the reserves to their preferred strategic level.
- Central banks of authoritarian governments rely on gold to counter the hegemony of the US and Western Europe.
- Dependable entity: Gold has a dependable performance during a crisis, as it acts as a tool to hedge against inflation and has no risk of default.
- Countering inflationary pressure: Central banks often stock up on gold to dodge the prevailing high inflationary environment and global growth uncertainties.
- Jewellery demand: Culturally, gold has an important place in the lifestyle of countries like India, and China leading to a surge in jewellery demand in these countries.
- A safe haven for saving: Buying gold has always been a safe haven for investments and it holds importance, especially in an era of global uncertainty.
Impact of Gold Imports:
- Gold imports directly affect the current account deficit (CAD) of India. As a thumb rule, the larger the CAD with respect to GDP, the riskier it is for the overall economy.
- The country is presently the largest importer of gold on the planet, consuming one-third of the planet’s supply on an annual basis. In fact, gold is the second-most purchased overseas commodity after oil.
- Gold imports are partly attributable to a high level of inflation as well.
- The Current Account Deficit could be reduced by boosting exports and curbing non-essential imports such as gold.
Related Initiatives to reduce import of Gold:
- Gold Monetization Scheme: Aims to mobilise gold held by households and institutions of the country and facilitate its use for productive purposes.
- Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme (SGBs): SGBs are government securities denominated in grams of gold, they act as alternatives to investment in physical gold.
- Hike in Custom duty on gold imports.
Source: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/portfolio/central-bank-gold-buying-at-decadal-high/article66100466.ece/amp/
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Natural farming portal - Edukemy Current Affairs
In News: Ministry of Agriculture has recently launched a portal on the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF) for the benefit of the farming community.
- The portal contains all the information about the mission, implementation outline, resources, implementation progress, farmer registration, blog et, which will be useful for the farmers.
- The portal is expected to help in promoting natural farming in the country besides enabling market linkage so that the farmers get more ease in selling their products.
About NMNF:
- It aims at creating institutional capacities for the documentation and dissemination of best practices and making practising farmers partners in promotion strategy.
- Key Objectives of the mission –
- To promote an alternative system of farming for freedom from externally purchased inputs, cost reduction etc.
- To popularize integrated agriculture-animal husbandry models based on desi cow and local resources.
- To create standards, certification procedures and branding for Natural Farming products.
- NMNF at National Level is steered through a National Steering Committee (NSC) under the Chairmanship of the Minister of Agriculture.
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Natural farming:
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Natural farming in India:
- About: Natural farming in India is promoted as Bharatiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati Programme (BPKP) under a centrally sponsored scheme- Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY).
- Spread: This model of farming has been adopted in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Kerala.
- Roadmaps: The ministry Jal Shakti has made a roadmap to promote natural farming and identified 75 Sahakar Ganga villages in the first phase by signing an MoU with Sahkar Bharti and training has been given to the farmers.
- Namami Gange Project: Under the project, the promotion of natural farming has been started in the state besides master training.
Source: https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/agriculture-minister-launches-portal-on-national-mission-on-natural-farming-122110301886_1.html#:~:text=Tomar%2C%20who%20chaired%20the%20committee,taken%20forward%20with%20everyone's%20cooperation&text=Agriculture%20Minister%20Narendra%20Singh%20Tomar%20on%20Thursday%20launched%20a%20portal,benefit%20of%20the%20farming%20community
Image source: https://naturalfarming.niti.gov.in/components/
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SCO and Challenges for India - Edukemy Current Affairs
In news
The Indian External Affairs Minister represented India at a virtual meeting of the Council of Heads of Government (CHG) of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation recently.
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About SCO
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SCO and India
- Since its joining, India has campaigned for the strengthening of collaboration on issues pertaining to regional security, defence, combatting terrorism, the illicit drug trade, etc.
- SCO has been a useful platform for India to periodically engage with its regional counterparts on various regional, security, and political issues.
- India being the world’s largest democracy, has been successful in motivating others to support the formation of an inclusive government in Afghanistan and aid the restoration of peace and the economic recovery of the country.
Recent meet outcomes
- India refused to endorse China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), as any connectivity project should respect the territorial integrity of nations and international law.
- However, support for BRI was endorsed, by name, by all the SCO member states, except for India.
- India pressed on the need to address the major disruptions caused to trade, supply chains, food security, and the energy sector as a result of the Ukraine crisis and Covid-19.
- India affirmed the importance of “democracy, dialogue, and diplomacy” in encouraging the end of the war.
Challenges: India and SCO
- Converging closeness of Russia and China
- The major factors for Russia pushing India’s inclusion into the SCO was to balance China’s power.
- But, the new equation of growing Russia-China-Pakistan triangular convergence of interests is a challenge that India needs to navigate.
- The juxtaposition of two connectivity projects
- India has been presenting persistent opposition to the violation of sovereignty and territorial integrity by the BRI’s China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).
- But, SCO meetings have endorsed Russia’s initiative to connect the SCO with the Eurasian Economic Union and ASEAN, placing the predominantly East-West connectivity alignment of China’s BRI alongside the North-South connectivity alignment of Russia’s proposal.
- Also, India is considering prioritising support for implementing three major North-South connectivity proposals - International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), Chabahar port connectivity project, RussiaVladivostok-Chennai sea lane of communication.
- Hence, the conflict of interest and biased stand on territorial integrity by India.
- Counter-terrorism framework
- Despite the establishment of the SCO’s Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS), the SCO has not taken visible counterterrorism measures against the main threat facing its members, which emanates from terrorists and terrorist entities located in the Afghanistan-Pakistan region.
Source:
SCO 2019: Opportunities and challenges for India
Image source:
https://i0.wp.com/www.russia-briefing.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Shanghai-Cooperation-Organization-Membership.jpg?w=900&ssl=1
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SPACE - Edukemy Current Affairs
- Context: Recently DRDO launched a sonar systems test and evaluations facility for the Indian Navy which is named as Hull Module for SPACE.
- Submersible Platform for Acoustic Characterisation and Evaluation (SPACE) is a state-of-the-art testing and evaluation facility for sonar systems developed for use by the Indian navy onboard various platforms, including ships, submarines and helicopters.
- Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Defence
- The new facility is now operational at DRDO’s Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL) in Kochi, Kerala, India.
- Design and construction
- The design of this facility is based on the concept, design and requirements proposed by the
- It has been constructed by Larsen & Toubro shipbuilding in Chennai.
- Key Highlights
- The uniqueness of this facility lies in the specially designed submersible platform, which can be lowered up to depths of 100m using a series of synchronously operated winches.
- This new facility has further boosted the Government of India’s ‘AatmaNirbhar Bharat’ and ‘Make in India’ initiatives.
Sources :
- https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1874307
- https://www.naval-technology.com/news/drdo-sonar-facility-indian-navy/
Image source :
- https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/testing-and-evaluation-facility-for-sonar-systems-for-indian-navy-launched-by-drdo/articleshow/95363158.cms
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Law Commission of India - Edukemy Current Affairs
Context: After two and a half years, the 22nd Law Commission of India has been constituted with Justice (retd) Rituraj Awasthi as its head.
- The Law Commission of India is a non-statutory body and is constituted by a notification of the Government of India, Ministry of Law & Justice, Department of Legal Affairs.
- The commission will conduct research in the field of law and make recommendations to the Government (in the form of Reports).
- Commission shall,
- Identify laws which are no longer needed or relevant and can be immediately repealed;
- examine the existing laws in the light of Directive Principles of State Policy and suggest ways of improvement and reform and
- suggest legislation as might be necessary to implement the Directive Principles and to attain the objectives set out in the Preamble and
- revise the Central Acts of general importance so as to simplify them and remove anomalies, ambiguities and inequities.
- Commission would have a tenure of three years from the date of publication of the Order of Constitution in the Official Gazette.
Sources:
- https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ex-cj-rituraj-awasthi-is-law-commission-chief/article66109001.ece
Image source:
- https://www.livemint.com/Politics/gClpmtfx3jEfef4yUCGMnK/The-governments-report-card-on-removing-outdated-laws.html
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India’s first Private Launch Vehicle
- Context: India’s first private satellite vehicle set for launch: Vikram S
- India’s first privately developed launch vehicle is set to make its maiden flight from Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the mission is called ‘Prarambh’ (the beginning).
- Vikram will carry two Indian and one foreign customer payload on the launch vehicle named ‘Vikram’.
- Vikram-S is a single-stage suborbital test rocket that will be powered by India's first carbon fibre-built solid fuel engine and is being launched to test the technologies in the Vikram series of space vehicles.
- Skyroot, which will launch the mission, claims a Vikam rocket can be assembled and launched within 24 hours from any launch site and has the “lowest cost in the payload segment”.
- Vikram vehicles offer unique capabilities like multi-orbit insertion, and interplanetary missions; while providing customised, dedicated and ride-share options covering a wide spectrum of small satellite customer needs.
Sources:
- https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/made-in-hyderabad-indias-first-private-rocket-set-to-zip-into-space-with-three-payloads/articleshow/95388169.cms
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Mother Tongue Survey of India - Edukemy Current Affairs
- Context: Recently MTSI was released, involving 576 languages.
- The MTSI is a project that “surveys the mother tongues, which are returned consistently across two and more Census decades”. It also documents the linguistic features of the selected languages.
- Published by: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has completed the MTSI in its annual report.
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1. There are 22 languages in the VIII Schedule of the Indian Constitution. 2. Art 29 states that there should be no language-based discrimination. 3. Right to Education Act states that medium of instruction should be child’s mother tongue. |
- Key highlights
- The NIC and the National Film Development Corporation (NFDC) will be documenting and preserving the linguistic data of the surveyed mother tongues in audio-video files.
- Video-graphed speech data of Mother Tongues will also be uploaded on the NIC survey for archiving purposes.
- As per 2011 Linguistic Census, there are 19500 dialects or languages which have been grouped together into 121 mother tongues.
- Hindi is the most widely spoken language (43.6 %) in India followed by Bengali (8%) as per Linguistic Census 2011.
- National Curriculum Framework (published by the Education Ministry) for the foundational stages of education has recommended that the mother tongue should be the primary medium of instruction in schools for children up to eight years of age.
Source:
- https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mother-tongue-survey-of-india-involving-576-languages-is-ready-8256733/lite/
Image source:
- https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ministry-of-home-affairs-completes-mother-tongue-survey-of-576-languages/article66110081.ece
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SC Order on Disabled: Welcome Yet Concerning - IE
Exam View: Persons with Disabilities, The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, Fundamental Right, Directive Principle of State Policy.
In News: On disabled persons, Supreme Court gives a welcome order with problematic observations.
Recently, the Supreme Court of India (SCI) was hearing an important matter concerning the rights of persons with disabilities where the blanket exclusion of disabled persons from services such as the Indian Police Service, Indian Railways Protection Force Service, DANICS and Lakshadweep Police Service was challenged.
Disability results from the interaction between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.
The Constitution of India ensures equality, freedom, justice and dignity of all individuals including persons with disabilities and mandates an inclusive society for all. However, measuring disability is a complex phenomenon as the definitions of disability vary at the international and national levels due to the various approaches.
India is a signatory to The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Issues and Challenges Faced by a Person with Disability in India
- Discrimination/Social Exclusion: Negative attitudes held by the families of the disabled, and often the disabled themselves, hinder disabled persons from taking an active part in the family, community or workforce.
- Unemployment: Unemployment is one of the major factors as at such times disabled persons are the ones who are scapegoats in getting fired at the tenure of recessions. They are first to be discharged from their services when cost-cutting methods are adopted by the companies.
- Lack of Inclusive Education: During the lockdown imposed due to Covid-19, many children with disabilities faced the wrath of a pandemic. With public participation rounding to zero, they struggled to find scribes, and sign language interpreters to continue their studies.
- Inadequate data and statistics: The lack of rigorous and comparable data and statics further hinder the inclusion of persons with disabilities. The complexity of the recognition of a disability makes a person hesitant to approach the judiciary and the bureaucracy to determine their access to health care and welfare.
- Poor implementation of policies and schemes: It hinders the inclusion of disabled persons. Though various acts and schemes have been laid down with the aim to empower the disabled, their enforcement faces many challenges. The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 mandates conducting a survey of school-going children every five years for identifying children with disabilities, ascertaining their special needs and the extent to which these are being met.
- Treated with Sympathy Rather than Empathy: Insensitivity among peers and teachers, access to inclusive education, and institutionalisation of rights are some of the major concerns often raised by the PwD candidates which are somehow acknowledged but not acted upon. As a result, people with disabilities encounter discrimination from various walks of life.
- Lack of Infrastructural Access: Lack of infrastructure like sanitation, stair-case, ramps, canteens and recreation rooms, separate washrooms, and garden areas, faced by the disabled. According to the National Statistical Office (NSO) report, disability is more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas.
Way Forward
- Disability is considered to be a social stigma in society which needs to be improvised. Disability is nothing but impairment in the mind of people rather than being impaired by limbs.
- Universal Design for Learning: It is necessary to take into account all the features of the neuropsychological, cognitive and emotional profile of the child when planning and delivering a lesson in schools
- People with disabilities need to be better integrated into society by overcoming stigma. There should be awareness campaigns to educate and aware people of different kinds of disabilities.
- Governance should be proactive in addressing the needs of people in disadvantaged situations and providing them equal opportunities in every sphere of development.
- Making Indian Sign Language interpreters should be mandatory in all official communication where the disabled are involved.
- Factors like funding, training, and attitudes of families and friends are major factors responsible for slow down the growth of disabled persons. In the areas where they have been taken care of, they have proved their mettle and reached heights and achieved the highest scores in society.
- Empathy and practicality are not mutually exclusive. The practicality aspect has to be assessed on the basis of the legal test of “undue burden” — whether providing reasonable accommodation is imposing too much of a burden on the duty bearer, only then can reasonable accommodation be refused for being impractical.
https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/on-disabled-persons-supreme-court-gives-a-welcome-order-with-problematic-observations-8256529/
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Ganga Utsav 2022 - Edukemy Current Affairs
Why in news? Ministry of Jal Shakti in collaboration with the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) has organized Ganga Utsav- The River Festivals 2022, at New Delhi in two sessions.
About
- The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) celebrates the festival every year to strengthen the Public – River Connection.
- NMCG has been celebrating Ganga Utsav since 2017 every year on 4th November, the day on which river Ganga was declared the National River of India in the year 2008.
- The Festival is planned to have 75 separate events in Ganga and its tributary basin cities and towns.
- The festival includes a blend of art, culture, music, knowledge, poetry, dialogue, and stories.
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1873908
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Apis karinjodian and Apiculture
Why in news? A new species of endemic honeybee has been discovered in the Western Ghats.
About:
- Apis karinjodian has evolved from Apis cerana morphotypes that got acclimatised to the hot and humid environment of the Western Ghats.
- Common name - Indian black honeybee.
- Habitat - Central Western Ghats and Nilgiris to the southern Western Ghats, covering the States of Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and parts of Tamil Nadu. Sri Lanka has a ‘fairly uniform population’ in the Indian subcontinent.
- IUCN Status - Near Threatened (NT)
- Apiculture - Practice of keeping bees and manufacturing honey and beeswax, or the raising and care of bees for commercial or agricultural purposes.
- Indian Market size - It is expanding at a CAGR of nearly 12% by 2024. India is the sixth major natural honey exporting
https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/new-honeybee-species-endemic-to-western-ghats-found/article66092592.ece#:~:text=A%20new%20species%20of%20endemic,common%20name%20Indian%20black%20honeybee
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Falcon Heavy Rocket - Edukemy Current Affairs
Why in news? Elon Musk-owned SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy rocket into a geosynchronous Earth orbit from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, U.S.
About:
- Falcon Heavy Rocket is the fourth launch of the giant rocket system.
- The rocket is carrying satellites to space for the U.S. military in a mission named US Space Force (USSF)-44.
- Falcon Heavy has a lifting capacity of around 64 metric tonnes into orbit, it can lift more than twice the payload of the next closest operational vehicle, the Delta IV Heavy.
- The rocket has a height of 70 m, a width of 12.2 m and a mass of 1,420,788 kg.
https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/the-falcon-heavy-launch-the-most-powerful-operational-rocket-in-the-world/article66105326.ece
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/amp/inaccessibility-of-agri-automation-to-small-scale-producers-can-deepen-inequalities-fao-85785
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International Counter Ransomware Initiative 2022
Why in news? Recently, the members of the International Counter Ransomware Initiative (CRI) met in Washington, DC.
About:
- In the face of enhanced ransomware attacks globally, CRI has decided to deepen its institutional collaboration.
- CRI is a grouping of 36 countries (including India) and the European Union that aims to disrupt ransomware attacks and strengthen the international cybersecurity agenda.
- India, along with Lithuania, leads the network resilience working group of CRI.
- In the recent summit, CRI also decided to establish an International Counter Ransomware Task Force to coordinate resilience disruption and counter illicit finance
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/11/01/international-counter-ransomware-initiative-2022-joint-statement/
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National Minorities Development & Finance Corporation (NMDFC)
Why in news? Recently, National Minorities Development & Finance Corporation (NMDFC) accorded a rating of A; Stable by CARE.
About:
- NMDFC is a “Not-for- profit” Public Sector undertaking, working under the aegis of the Ministry of Minority Affairs.
- It is a National Level Apex Body for the benefit of Minorities as defined under the National
Commission for Minorities Act, 1992.
- NMDFC has engaged the services for Credit Rating to undertake Market Borrowing.
- The prime mandate of NMDFC is to provide concessional finance for self- employment and income generation activities to the “Backward Sections” amongst the Minority Communities.
- Specific preference has been given to occupational groups & women in minority communities.
- NMDFC implements its schemes mainly through the State Channelizing Agencies (SCAs) nominated by the respective State Government.
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1873499
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Innovation: Tulip Turbines - Edukemy Current Affairs
Background
The Indian businessman Anand Mahindra on social media has suggested that Tulip Turbines would be more suitable to Indian needs, considering cost, space consumption and utility in urban & rural settings.
About Tulip Turbines
- Tulip turbines are designed in the shape of the flower’s petals and are claimed to be highly efficient while producing low noise & taking less space.
- These produce clean energy from any direction and hence can be installed almost anywhere the wind exists, even at a lower speed.
- Tulip Turbines are a panacea in a densely populated country like India with low land availability for conventional on-site wind turbines.
- In India, the assessment indicates a gross wind power potential of 302 GW at 100 metres and 695.50 GW at 120 metres above ground level.
- India has set a target of 140 GW wind energy capacity by 2030; the country currently has the fourth-highest wind installed capacity in the world.
- Measures taken to capitalise on Wind Energy potential include:
- National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy
- National Offshore Wind Energy Policy
- Guidelines for Tariff-Based Competitive Bidding Process, to enable the Distribution Licensees to procure wind power at competitive rates in a cost-effective manner.
- Given the potential and policy outlook, Tulip Turbines seem the best alternative considering population, pollution, and greater need for energy sources.
Source:
- ‘Tulip Turbines’ Cut Space, Need Less Wind; ‘Ideal For India’, Says Anand Mahindra
- https://mnre.gov.in/wind/current-status/
Image source:
- https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Wind-Energy-map-of-India_fig5_261245790
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