In News: As of November 2023, the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes have attracted investments exceeding Rs. 1.03 lakh crore.

Key Achievements of the PLI Scheme

• Export Milestones
• Exports exceeding Rs. 3.20 lakh crore across various sectors.
• Major contributions from Large-Scale Electronics Manufacturing, Pharmaceuticals, Food Processing, and Telecom & Networking products.

• MSME Inclusion
• 176 Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) benefit from PLI in sectors like Bulk Drugs, Medical Devices, Pharma, Telecom, White Goods, Food Processing, Textiles, and Drones.

• Incentive Disbursement
• Disbursement of approximately Rs. 4,415 crore under PLI Schemes for eight key sectors.
• Sectors include Large-Scale Electronics Manufacturing (LSEM), IT Hardware, Bulk Drugs, Medical Devices, Pharmaceuticals, Telecom & Networking Products, Food Processing, and Drones & Drone Components.

• Import Reduction in Pharma
• Significant decrease in Pharma sector imports of raw materials.
• Indigenous production of unique intermediate materials and bulk drugs, including Penicillin-G.

• Medical Device Production
• Commencement of production for 39 Medical Devices, such as CT-Scan, MRI, Dialysis Machine, etc.
• Enhanced self-reliance in critical healthcare equipment.

• Telecom Sector Impact
• 60% import substitution achieved in the Telecom sector.
• Sales of Telecom & Networking Products by PLI beneficiary companies show substantial growth in FY 2023-24.

• Drone Industry Growth
• Significant impact on the Drone industry with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 90.74%.
• Boost to innovation and investment in the drone sector.

• Food Processing Impact
• Increased sourcing of raw materials within India under the PLI Scheme for Food Processing.
• Positive impact on the income of Indian farmers and MSMEs.

• Global Recognition and Export Diversification
• Enhanced brand visibility for Indian products in international markets through effective branding and marketing.
• Transformation of India's export basket from traditional commodities to high-value-added products.

• Mobile Phone Production and FDI Boost
• Over 125% increase in mobile phone production; ~4 times increase in exports since FY 2020-21.
• ~254% rise in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Large-Scale Electronics Manufacturing (LSEM).

Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLI)

• Scheme Inception and Expansion
• Launched in March 2020 targeting three industries initially: Mobile and allied Component Manufacturing, Electrical Component Manufacturing, and Medical Devices.
• Currently active in 14 key sectors spanning manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, telecom, electronics, and more.

• Objective and Mechanism
• Aims to scale up domestic manufacturing, increase import substitution, and generate employment.
• Companies receive financial incentives based on a percentage of their revenue over up to five years for manufacturing in India.

Concerns Regarding the PLI Scheme

• Competition and Market Dynamics
• Potential for price wars and market distortions affecting profitability.

• Compliance and Reporting Burden
• Administrative costs and delays due to extensive documentation requirements.

• Assembly vs. Value Addition
• Lack of differentiation between assembly and true value addition may hinder innovation.

• Low-Value Goods Production
• Prevalence of low-value goods production; emphasis on high-value goods needed for global competitiveness.

• Research and Development
• Inadequate attention to Research and Development in export-oriented policies.

• Implementation and Coordination Issues
• Inconsistency and confusion in implementation due to involvement of multiple ministries and departments.

Way Forward

• Market Impact Assessment
• Thorough assessment to anticipate distortions; implement safeguards against unhealthy competition.

• Documentation Streamlining
• Simplify documentation requirements to reduce administrative burdens.

• Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
• Integrate stringent assessments into the scheme to address concerns related to pollution, land acquisition, and labor rights.

• Value Addition and Innovation
• Introduce criteria incentivizing high-value addition and innovation.

• Stakeholder Engagement
• Engage with stakeholders on issues related to pollution, land acquisition, and labor rights.

• Inter-Ministerial Collaboration
• Foster collaboration among ministries for consistent policy enforcement.

• Research and Development Incentives
• Introduce additional incentives for companies investing in research and development.

• Establishment of Innovation Fund
• Set up a dedicated fund to support innovative projects and technologies.

Source: PIB

In News: The reciprocal missile strikes between Iran and Pakistan, coupled with assaults on Indian shipping in the Red Sea, underscore the interconnected concerns of the subcontinent and the Gulf.

Iran-Pakistan Strikes: Impact and Global Response

• Military Escalation
  • Iran and Pakistan launch missiles and drones, resulting in 11 casualties.
  • Targeting of militant groups on both sides of the border.
• Diplomatic Fallout
  • Pakistan denounces the attack as a violation of its airspace.
  • Recall of ambassador, suspension of high-level visits.
• Retaliatory Strikes by Pakistan
• Precision strikes in Iran targeting Balochistan Liberation Army and Balochistan Liberation Front.
• Use of killer drones and rockets against identified terrorist groups.

Global Reactions to the Strikes

• U.S. Condemnation
  • United States condemns Iranian strikes in Pakistan, Iraq, and Syria.
  • Accusation of violating the sovereignty of multiple countries.
• Chinese Mediation Offer
  • China offers to play a constructive role in easing tensions.
  • Calls for restraint and avoidance of escalation by Pakistan and Iran.
• Russian Caution
  • Russia urges maximum restraint, emphasizing diplomatic solutions.
  • Warns against playing into the hands of those seeking regional chaos.
• Concerns from India
  • India acknowledges the matter between Iran and Pakistan.
  • Maintains a zero-tolerance position toward terrorism.
• Turkey's Call for Friendship
  • Turkey emphasizes resolution based on friendship and brotherhood.
  • Emphasis on mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity.
• Taliban's Diplomatic Approach
  • Taliban suggests resolving disputes through diplomacy and dialogue.
  • Advocates for peaceful solutions between the two nations.

Security Trends and Concerns in the Region

• Fragility of Pakistan's Borderlands
  • Baloch lands prone to smuggling, narcotics trafficking, and political militancy.
  • Vulnerabilities exploited by third parties.
• Regional Power Dynamics
  • Deepening conflict between Iran, Arab neighbors, and Israel.
  • Trans-border interventions influencing regional stability.
• Geopolitical Significance of Balochistan
  • Strategic location at the mouth of the oil-rich Gulf.
  • Involvement in the new great game due to its geopolitical importance.
• Pakistan's Balochistan Dilemma
  • Challenges in handling long-standing unrest aggravated by Beijing's presence.
  • Gwadar's role in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor complicates matters.
• Afghanistan-Iran Relations
  • Historical issues between Afghanistan and Iran exacerbated under the Taliban.
  • Differences over ideology, minority rights, border management, and transboundary rivers.
• Taliban's Role in the Region
• Taliban government in Kabul takes a forceful stance toward Pakistan.
• Potential expansion of influence and alliances in the Gulf.

Concerns for the Region

• Escalating Tensions
  • Tit-for-tat attacks raise tensions in an already volatile region.
  • Complications amid Israel's conflict with Hamas and targeting of merchant ships by Yemen's Houthis.
• India's Deep Concerns
  • Baloch frontier's fragility, China's strategic presence, and India's rising stakes in the Middle East.
  • India's evolving Middle East policy amid threats to its commercial lifelines.
• Rethinking Security Assumptions
• Cross-border attacks highlight a changing region, prompting India to reassess its security assumptions.
• Deployment of warships to protect commercial interests in the Arabian Sea.

Source: IE

In News: The Prime Minister recently inaugurated three projects in Kochi, Kerala: the New Dry Dock (NDD) at Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL), the International Ship Repair Facility (ISRF) of CSL, and the LPG Import Terminal of Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL).

Inauguration of Three Key Projects in Kerala

• New Dry Dock (NDD)
  • Length of 310 meters, constructed to international standards.
  • Capable of handling aircraft carriers twice the size of INS Vikrant.
  • Showcases India's engineering prowess and project management capabilities.
• International Ship Repair Facility (ISRF)
  • India’s first fully developed ship repair ecosystem.
  • Represents a 25% capacity addition to the national ship repair industry.
  • Investment of ₹970 crores to enhance ship repair capabilities and establish a global hub.
• LPG Import Terminal for IOCL
  • Inauguration of an LPG Import Terminal at Kochi.
  • Connected to Multi-User Liquid Terminal Jetty through a 3.5 km Cross Country Pipeline.
• Aims for a turnover of 1.2 million metric tons per annum, benefiting households and businesses.

Significance of the Projects

• Strategic Vision for Maritime Development
  • Aligns with 'Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikaas' vision and Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047.
  • Aims to elevate Kochi into a prominent Maritime Cluster and Global Hub for Green Ship.
• Investment and Employment Boost
  • Projects target a significant investment of Rs 45,000 Crores.
  • Anticipates generating employment for over 50,000 people in the maritime sector.
• Role of Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL)
  • CSL plays a crucial role in India's resurgence as a major maritime player.
  • Known globally for delivering autonomous electric barges to Norway.
  • Positioned as a key contributor to India's maritime industry with innovative technologies.
• National Pride and Environmental Impact
  • Symbolizes national pride and engineering prowess.
  • Expected to lead to logistic savings and reduced CO2 emissions, highlighting environmental responsibility.
• Alignment With Global Vision
  • Emphasizes India's commitment to global benchmarks and agreements.
  • Supports the Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (MEEEC) to strengthen the coastal economy.
• Future Plans for Maritime Infrastructure
  • Outlines the Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways' plans.
  • Includes the establishment of a Centre of Excellence, creation of ship repair clusters, and relaxation of trade conditions.

Measures to Strengthen the Infrastructure Sector

• Consistency in Policy/Regulatory Framework
  • Address the lack of consistency and coherence in the tendering process.
  • Focus on a holistic approach between the government and RBI for dealing with stressed assets.
• Reasonable User Charges
  • Implement reasonable user charges to enhance infrastructure financing and financial viability.
  • Encourage environmental sustainability and resource use efficiency.
• Autonomous Regulation of Infrastructure
  • Move towards autonomous regulation of infrastructure to attract private sector participation.
  • Multi-sectoral regulators can build regulatory capacity and prevent capture.
• Asset Recycling (AR) and BAM
  • Explore Brownfield Asset Monetisation (BAM) to free up funds for greenfield investment.
  • Utilize Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) or Toll Operate Transfer (TOT) models for efficient asset recycling.
• Utilizing Domestic Funds
• Utilize dormant domestic sources like India Pension Funds for infrastructure development.
• Learn from global practices in Canada, the Netherlands, and Australia on efficient usage of domestic funds.

Government Initiatives Related to Infrastructure

• PM Gati Shakti Scheme
• National Infrastructure Pipeline
• Urban Infrastructure Development Fund
• National Logistics Policy
• Dedicated Freight Corridors
• Sagarmala Projects

Source: TH

In News: The Competition Commission of India (CCI) has recently rejected a complaint accusing PVR, a prominent multiplex chain, of abusing its dominant market position.

Allegations and CCI’s Verdict

• Allegations against PVR
  • PVR was accused of abusing its dominant market position by favoring films from influential production houses, creating barriers for independent filmmakers.
• PVR's Defense
  • PVR refuted the allegations, citing a lack of supporting evidence and contending that the complaint sought to influence film exhibition without legal obligation.
• CCI's Verdict
  • The CCI found no evident competition concerns, emphasizing the need for harm to competition to warrant regulatory intervention. It underscored the importance of preserving exhibitors' autonomy unless competition is adversely affected.

Understanding Market Monopoly

• Market Monopoly Defined
  • Market monopoly occurs when a single company or a group dominates and controls a substantial share of a specific market or industry.
• Key Features
  • Single Seller or Producer: One entity exclusively provides a specific product or service.
  • High Barriers to Entry: Significant obstacles prevent new competitors from entering the market.
  • No Substitutes: Consumers have limited or no alternative options for the monopolistic company's product or service.
  • Market Power and Pricing Control: The monopoly has significant influence over market conditions, prices, and supply.
  • Influence Over Supply: The monopolistic entity controls the quantity produced and adjusts supply to impact market conditions.
  • Lack of Competition: Monopolies operate in an environment with no direct competition, potentially leading to reduced incentives for innovation.

India's Approach to Market Monopoly Practices

• Competition Act, 2002
  • The primary legislation addressing antitrust issues in India, promoting competition, preventing anti-competitive practices, and protecting consumer interests.
• Competition Amendment Bill, 2022
  • A proposed amendment to strengthen the regulatory framework and enhance competition law enforcement.
• Competition Commission of India (CCI)
  • The regulatory body responsible for enforcing competition provisions, investigating anti-competitive practices, and abuse of dominant positions.
• Competition Appellate Tribunal and NCLAT
  • The National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) replaced COMPAT, handling appeals related to competition matters.

International Initiatives Against Anti-Competitive Practices

• OECD Competition Committee
  • Facilitates discussions and cooperation among member countries on competition-related issues.
• UNCTAD
  • Provides guidance on competition policy and law, supporting countries in implementing effective competition frameworks.
• International Competition Network (ICN)
  • A network of competition authorities worldwide, promoting communication and cooperation to address global competition challenges.
• World Trade Organization (WTO)
  • Addresses competition policy through its Working Group on the Interaction between Trade and Competition Policy.

Judgements Related to Market Monopoly in India

• CCI v. SAIL, 2010
  • The Supreme Court upheld CCI's order to investigate SAIL for anti-competitive practices in supplying rails to Indian Railways.
• CCI v. Google LLC & Ors, 2021
  • CCI appealed against Karnataka HC's order, investigating alleged anti-competitive practices by Google in India's smart TV and Android app store markets.

The Way Forward

• Continuous Review of Antitrust Laws
  • Regularly review and strengthen antitrust laws to adapt to evolving market dynamics.
• Empower Regulatory Authorities
  • Provide adequate funding and empowerment to regulatory authorities like the Competition Commission to effectively enforce antitrust laws.
• Transparent M&A Review Processes
  • Ensure transparent and efficient processes for reviewing mergers and acquisitions to prevent the creation or strengthening of monopolies through consolidation.

Source: MC

In News: The Bhitarkanika National Park in Odisha, celebrated for its rich and varied ecosystem, has recorded a modest rise in the count of saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) during the 2024 annual census.

Key Points About Saltwater Crocodiles

• Size and Ranking
  • The saltwater crocodile holds the title of being the largest among all crocodilians and the world's largest reptile.
• Sexual Dimorphism
  • Female saltwater crocodiles are smaller than their male counterparts, typically reaching a maximum length of 2.5 to 3 meters.
• Salinity Tolerance
  • Saltwater crocodiles exhibit a high tolerance for salinity, predominantly inhabiting coastal waters and river proximity. They are also found in freshwater near rivers and swamps.
• Communication Methods
  • Saltwater crocodiles employ various sounds for communication, including barking, hissing, growling, and chirps.
• Geographical Distribution
  • Found in tropical to warm temperate latitudes within the eastern Indian and western Pacific oceans.
• Preferred Habitat
  • Saltwater crocodiles primarily inhabit mangrove forests and other coastal ecosystems.
• Diverse Diet
  • Juvenile saltwater crocodiles consume small insects, amphibians, reptiles, crustaceans, and small fish.
  • Adults prey on a range of animals, including crabs, turtles, snakes, birds, buffalo, wild boar, and monkeys.
• Hunting Strategy
  • Saltwater crocodiles employ a stealthy approach, hiding in the water with only their eyes and nose exposed. 
  • They swiftly lunge at prey, often dispatching it with a single snap of their powerful jaws. The prey is then dragged underwater for easier consumption.
• Conservation Status
  • IUCN Red List: Classified as "Least Concern."
  • Wildlife Protection Act (WPA), 1972: Listed under Schedule I.
• CITES: Included in Appendix I/II.

Source: DTE

In News: A recent Scientific Reports study investigated the association between migraine and the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

About Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

• Definition
  • IBD refers to chronic inflammation of tissues in the digestive tract, presenting as long-standing disorders.
• Severity Variation
  • IBD ranges from a mild condition for some individuals to a debilitating illness with potential life-threatening complications for others.
• Types of IBD
  • Ulcerative Colitis
    • Involves inflammation and ulcers along the lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum.
  • Crohn's Disease
    • Characterized by inflammation of the digestive tract lining, often affecting deeper layers.
    • Primarily impacts the small intestine but can extend to the large intestine and, less commonly, the upper gastrointestinal tract.
  • Indeterminate Colitis IBD
    • Describes IBD with features of both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
• Causes
  • The exact cause of IBD is unknown, but it results from a weakened immune system.
  • Possible causes include incorrect immune responses to environmental triggers like viruses or bacteria, leading to gastrointestinal tract inflammation.
  • There's a genetic component; individuals with a family history of IBD are more prone to this immune response.
• Symptoms
  • IBD manifests various issues in the colon and rectum and can affect other body parts.
  • Common symptoms include diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, fatigue, and weight loss.
  • Flare-ups with symptoms may alternate with periods of remission.
• Treatment
  • While there is no cure for IBD, various therapies can reduce inflammation and address symptoms.
  • Treatment approaches encompass medications, surgical interventions, and lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes, aimed at reducing inflammation and supporting the immune system.

Source: NM

In News: A novel isopod, a type of crustacean, was officially identified as a new species belonging to the Booralana genus by an international group of marine biologists.

About Isopods

• Taxonomic Classification
  • Isopods are an order of invertebrates within the greater crustacean group, which includes animals like crabs and shrimp.
• Diversity and Species Count
  • Scientists estimate that there are approximately 10,000 species of isopods, all belonging to the order “Isopoda.”
  • They exhibit a wide distribution, inhabiting diverse habitats worldwide, ranging from mountains and deserts to the deep sea.
• Features
  • Isopods are among the most morphologically diverse crustacean groups, displaying a variety of shapes and sizes, ranging from micrometers to half a meter in length.
  • While isopods may differ in appearance, they share common features, including two pairs of antennae, compound eyes, and four sets of jaws.
  • The body of all isopods is segmented into seven parts, each equipped with its pair of walking legs.
• Abdominal Structure
  • Isopods possess a short abdominal section consisting of six segments known as “pleons.”
  • One or more of these pleon segments may be fused into a tail section.
  • Each pleon includes biramous (branching in two) limbs called “pleopods” that serve for both swimming and respiration.
• Habitats and Distribution
  • About half of the known isopod species inhabit the ocean, while others reside in coastal and shelf waters. They move on the seafloor or dwell in plants.
  • Most isopods are free-living, but some marine species exhibit parasitic behavior, relying on other animals for sustenance.

Source: PO

In News: During his two-day visit to Kerala, the Prime Minister recently visited the Sreekrishna Temple in Guruvayur to offer prayers.

About Guruvayur Temple**

• Overview
  • Guruvayoor Sree Krishna Swamy Temple, often referred to as the Dwarka of the South, is dedicated to Lord Vishnu, specifically in the youthful form of Lord Krishna.
• Location
  • Situated in the small town of Guruvayur, within the Thrissur District of Kerala.
• Historical Roots
  • While the earliest temple records trace back to the 17th century, ancient literary texts and legends suggest the temple's existence for approximately 5000 years.
• Deity
  • Lord Krishna, known as Guruvayoorappan, holds the central deity status in this temple.
• Architectural Style
  • The temple follows the traditional Kerala architectural style.
• Reconstruction
  • The central shrine underwent a reconstruction in 1638 C.E.
• Key Structures
  • Notable structures within the temple premises include Nalambalam (encircling the sanctum sanctorum), Balikkal (sacrificial stone), and Deepastambam (pillar of lights).
• Ancient Murals
  • The sanctum sanctorum's wall is adorned with ancient 17th-century murals.
• Dwajasthamba
  • A prominent sight is the Dwajasthamba, a 70-feet tall flagstaff fully covered with gold.
• Unique Offering – Thulabharam
  • One of the temple's distinctive rituals is Thulabharam, where devotees are weighed against bananas, sugar, jaggery, and coconuts equivalent to their weight on a giant pair of scales.
• Elephant Population
  • The temple is renowned for housing a significant population of captive male Asian elephants.
• Punnathur Kotta Elephant Sanctuary
  • The nearby Punnathur Kotta elephant sanctuary is home to 56 elephants closely associated with the temple.

Source: TH

In News: Following the deer relocation from Cuttack, the Odisha state government is considering the introduction of Sambar and Gaur (bison) into the Chandaka-Dampara Wildlife Sanctuary.

About Chandaka-Dampara Wildlife Sanctuary

• Location
  • Situated in the Khurda district of Odisha, this sanctuary represents the north-eastern boundaries of the Eastern Ghats.
• Biodiversity
  • Home to a variety of threatened wild animals and birds, the sanctuary obtained its status in 1982.
• Climate
  • The climate in the region is tropical, featuring three distinct and well-marked seasons: summer, rainy season, and winter.
• Vegetation
  • The flora is moderately diverse, displaying a mix of evergreen and deciduous elements.
  • Classified under the semi-evergreen forest zone, the original character of the vegetation has been altered by the interplay of biotic factors.
• Notable Flora
  • Dhaman (Grewia Tiliaefolia), Bankapasia (Kydia calycina), Jamu (Syzyggium Cuminii), Gandhana (Premna mucronata), Kansa (Hymenodictyon excelsum), Kusum (Schleichera oleosa), Marua (Vitex pinnata), Sidha (Lagerstroemia parviflora), Karanja, Thorny bamboo, etc.
• Fauna
  • The sanctuary hosts a diverse array of wildlife, including elephants, Chital, Barking Deer, Wild Boar, Rhesus Monkey, Pangolin, Sloth Bear, Indian Wolf, Hyena, and various other mammals.

Source: IE

In News: The Chief Minister of Odisha recently revealed an expansive heritage corridor encircling the Jagannath Temple in Puri.

About Jagannath Temple

• Location
  • Situated in Puri, Odisha, the Jagannath Temple is renowned as one of the most famous and sacred Hindu temples globally.
• Deity Dedication
  • Dedicated to Lord Jagannath, a manifestation of the Hindu deity Vishnu.
• Historical Origin
  • Believed to have been constructed during the rule of King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, from the Eastern Ganga dynasty, in the 12th century.
• Spiritual Significance
  • Known as ‘Yamanika Tirtha,’ where the presence of Lord Jagannath is believed to nullify the power of ‘Yama,’ the god of death, according to Hindu beliefs.
• Architectural Style
  • Exhibits Kalinga architecture, a distinctive style prevalent in the Odisha region.
• Main Structure
  • The temple's central structure, the sanctum sanctorum or garbhagriha, houses the idols of Lord Jagannath, Balabhadra, and Subhadra.
• Ratha Yatra Festival
  • A Hindu festival associated with Lord Jagannath, held in Puri, Odisha.
  • Commemorates Jagannath's annual visit to Gundicha Temple through Mausi Maa Temple near Balagandi Chaka, Puri.
  • The famous Rath Yatra festival begins on the second day of the bright half of the lunar month of Ashadha (June–July) and lasts for nine days.
  • During this festival, the deities are taken out of the Jagannath Puri Temple and placed on three massive chariots.

Source: TH

In News: A recent article explores the Defence Minister's UK visit, highlighting opportunities for both nations to collaborate on a joint naval vision.

Recent Developments in India-UK Relations

• Overview
  • Despite challenges posed by the Ukraine crisis, the India-UK relationship has ascended, culminating in the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2021.
• 2021 Agreement
  • The agreement established a 2030 Roadmap, outlining plans for the bilateral relationship.
• Defence Talks
  • Recent discussions focused on defence-related trade, cyber security, and defence cooperation.
• Cyber Security Programme
  • Plans to announce a joint cyber security program to protect online infrastructure in both countries.
• Strategic Tech Dialogue
  • Upcoming ministerial-level summit on emerging technologies.
• Maritime Cooperation
  • UK joining India’s Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative for enhanced maritime security collaboration in Southeast Asia.

Indo-UK Partnership Importance

• For the UK
  • India is a key strategic partner in the Indo-Pacific, aligning with the UK's global ambitions post-Brexit.
• Global Actor Ambitions
  • UK's efforts to be a serious global actor involve strengthening bilateral relations with India.
• For India
  • UK's regional power status and funding support for renewable energy infrastructure in India.
• Market Access
  • India seeks market access for fisheries, pharmaceuticals, and agricultural products.
  • Role of Other Countries in Enhancing India-UK Relations
• USA
  • Central in transforming India-UK ties, recognizing India's growing global importance.
• China
  • UK's shift towards an "Indo-Pacific tilt" aligning with India due to concerns about Chinese expansionism.

Indian Navy's Benefit from Defence Ties With the UK

• Capability Needs
  • Addressing Indian Navy's challenges and bridging technological gaps against the Chinese military.
• Electric Propulsion Technology (EPT)
  • Establishment of India-UK Electric Propulsion Capability Partnership.
• Cooperation in EPT for Aircraft Carriers
  • Collaboration to enhance Indian Navy's capabilities in aircraft carrier technology.
• Strategic Significance
  • Recognizing the strategic advantage of EPT in maritime operations.
• Progress and Future Plans
• Progress in discussions and commitments for testing and integration of EPT.

Challenges in India-UK Relations

• Historical Contradictions
  • Lingering post-colonial resentments affecting sustainable partnership efforts.
• Pakistan's Influence
  • UK's historical ties with Pakistan impacting India-UK relations.
• Shifting Dynamics
  • Recent upheavals providing a new foundation but historical issues persist.
• Extradition of Offenders
  • Challenge in extraditing economic offenders sheltered in the UK.
• Political Affiliations
  • Unexpected shifts in political dynamics affecting bilateral relations.

Steps to Improve India-UK Relations

• Migration and Mobility Partnership
  • Implementing comprehensive migration and mobility partnerships for students and professionals.
• Cooperation on Climate Change
  • Strengthening dialogues and partnerships on climate change.
• India-UK Health Partnership
  • Expanding the scope of the health partnership for global health security.
• UK-India Science Council
  • Establishing a ministerial-level science and innovation council for collaborations.
• WTO Collaboration
  • Deepening cooperation at the World Trade Organisation.
• Civil Nuclear Cooperation
  • Reinforcing civil nuclear cooperation, including collaboration with India’s Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership.

Conclusion

• Pivotal Moment
  • Defence Minister's UK visit marks a crucial phase in India-UK relations amid evolving strategic challenges.
• Addressing Technological Gaps
  • Focus on electric propulsion technology crucial for Indian Navy's technological parity with China.
• Shared Security Concerns
  • Historical challenges acknowledged, with both nations recognizing the need for closer ties in the face of shared security concerns.

Source: TH

Q1. Consider the following statements regarding Classical Language

Statement - I: Early texts or recorded history spanning 500-1000 years is one of the criteria to give classical language status to a language. 

Statement - II: Establishment of a Centre of Excellence for studies in Classical Languages is one of the benefits a language enjoys post classical language recognition. 

Select the correct answer using code given below: 

1. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I 
2. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I 
3. Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect: 
4. Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct 

Q2. Consider the following statements

1. The definition of “Critical Wildlife Habitat” is incorporated in the Forest Rights Act, 2006 
2. For the first time in India, Baigas have been given Habitat Rights 
3. Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change officially decides and declares Habitat Rights for Primitive and Vulnerable Tribal Groups in any part of India 

How many of the statements given above are correct? 

1. Only one 
2. Only two 
3. All three 
4. None 

Q3. Consider the following statements regarding Cervical Cancer

1. India bears the largest burden of global cervical cancer cases. 
2. Cervical cancer is particularly dangerous because it cannot be cured completely. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

1. 1 only 
2. 2 only 
3. Both 1 and 2 
4. Neither 1 nor 2 

Q4. Consider the following statements regarding The CEC and Other ECs (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act 2023

1. The CEC and Other ECs (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act 2023 replaced the Election Commission (Conditions of Service of ECs and Transaction of Business) Act 1991 
2. The Selection Committee includes the Prime Minister, CJI and the Leader of Opposition or the leader of the largest opposition party in the Lok Sabha 
3. The salary of the CEC and ECs is now equivalent to that of Judges of the Supreme Court 

How many of the statements given above are correct? 

1. Only one 
2. Only two 
3. All three 
4. None  

Q5. With reference to Pradhan Mantri Anusuchit Jaati Abhuyday Yojana consider the following statements

1. Objective of this scheme is to reduce poverty in ST and SC communities through skill development, income-generating schemes, and other initiatives 
2. Up to 30% of grants are utilised for infrastructure development 

Which of the statements given above is/are not correct? 

1. 1 only 
2. 2 only 
3. Both 1 and 2 
4. Neither 1 nor 2 

Q6. Consider the following statements regarding Indian Army Day

Statement-I: Indian Army Day is observed annually on January 15. 

Statement-II: It commemorates the victory of the Indian Army over the Pakistan Army 

Select the correct answer using code given below: 

1. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I 
2. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I 
3. Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect 
4. Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct 

Q7. Consider the following statements regarding pulse production in India

1. Black gram can be cultivated as both kharif and rabi crop. 
2. Green-gram alone accounts for nearly half of pulse production. 
3. In the last three decades, while the production of kharif pulses has increased, the production of rabi pulses has decreased 

How many of the statements given above are correct? 

1. Only one 
2. Only two 
3. All three 
4. None 

Q8. Consider the following statements regarding Punganur Cow

1. They stand tall at a height of 170-180 cm and weighs more than 200 kg 
2. Their milk is rich in nutrients such as Omega fatty acids, calcium, potassium, and magnesium 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

1. 1 only 
2. 2 only 
3. Both 1 and 2 
4. Neither 1 nor 2 

Q9. Consider the following statements regarding vaccines manufactured to prevent COVID-19 pandemic

1. The Serum Institute of India produced COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using mRNA platform 
2. Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using vector-based platform 
3. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine 

How many of the statements given above are correct? 

1. Only one 
2. Only two 
3. All three 
4. None 

Q10. With reference to Mahanadi River Basin consider the following statements

1. Mahanadi River Basin is the 8th largest river basin in India, covering approximately 4.28% of the country's total geographical area. 
2. Mahanadi river originates from the Sihawa range of hills in the Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh 

Which of the statements given above is/are not correct? 

1. 1 only 
2. 2 only 
3. Both 1 and 2 
4. Neither 1 nor 2 

Q11. Consider the following statements

Statement-I: Interim Budget focuses on short-term financial needs of the outgoing government. 

Statement-II: Vote on Account is passed without formal discussion, addressing immediate financial needs. 

Select the correct answer using code given below: 

1. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I 
2. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I 
3. Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect 
4. Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct 

Q12. Consider the following statements regarding Harvest Festivals in India

1. Makar Sankranti denotes the sun's entry into the zodiac sign of Makara (Capricorn) and marks the onset of summers. 
2. Magh Bihu/Bhogali Bihu marks the Assamese New Year. 
3. Rooster fights, locally known as "Kodi Pandalu” are considered a heritage game are encouraged by the SC as a collective heritage symbol of some communities. 

How many of the statements given above are correct? 

1. Only one 
2. Only two 
3. All three 
4. None 

Q13. Consider the following statements regarding Instrument Landing System (ILS)

1. Allows pilots to understand their aircraft's position relative to the airport runway, however this system cannot work efficiently in lower visibility conditions like fogs. 
2. ILS is a standard International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) precision landing aid 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

1. 1 only 
2. 2 only 
3. Both 1 and 2 
4. Neither 1 nor 2 

Q14. Consider the following statements regarding Swachh Survekshan Awards 2023

1. It is conducted by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs since 2016 and is considered as the world's largest urban sanitation and cleanliness survey 
2. Indore retains the cleanest city title for the 7th consecutive year. 
3. Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Rajasthan, Nagaland, and Tripura rank as the bottom five states in cleanliness. 

How many of the statements given above are correct? 

1. Only one 
2. Only two 
3. All three 
4. None 

Q15. With reference to Exercise Ayutthaya consider the following statements

1. Exercise Ayutthaya is a bilateral exercise of Indian Navy with Vietnamese Navy 
2. Aligns with the Government of India's vision of SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region). 

Which of the statements given above is/are not correct? 

1. 1 only 
2. 2 only 
3. Both 1 and 2 
4. Neither 1 nor 2 

Q16. Consider the following statements regarding SHRESHTA

Statement-I: The scheme aims to grant meritorious students from Scheduled (SC) communities access to the best private residential schools 

Statement-II: Admissions are for education in Classes 6 through 12 

Select the correct answer using code given below: 

1. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I 
2. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I 
3. Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect 
4. Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct 

Q17. Consider the following statements regarding Chang'e 6 Mission

1. The Chang'e 6 mission is a planned lunar lander aiming to retrieve samples from the lunar south pole 
2. The mission is completely indigenous and carried out entirely by the China space agency 
3. Chang'e 6 comprises a rover only which makes it special in its own sense 

How many of the statements given above are correct? 

1. Only one 
2. Only two 
3. All three 
4. None 

Q18. Consider the following statements regarding Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)

1. IOD phenomenon is characterised by a difference in sea surface temperature between tropical Western Indian Ocean and tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean. 
2. An IOD phenomenon can influence an El Nino’s impact on the monsoon 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

1. 1 only 
2. 2 only 
3. Both 1 and 2 
4. Neither 1 nor 2 

Q19. Consider the following statements regarding World Economic Forum 

1. WEF serves as the International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation, engaging prominent leaders across various sectors to influence global, regional, and industry agendas and is headquartered in Washington DC 
2. Formally recognized as an international organization in 2000. 
3. WEF regularly publishes globally recognized reports, including the Global Competitiveness Report. 

How many of the statements given above are correct? 

1. Only one 
2. Only two 
3. All three 
4. None 

Q20. With reference to FASTags consider the following statements

1. The tag needs to be updated every year and is available in seven different colour codes. 
2. Promotes fuel savings and reduces emissions thus help in achieving green targets. 

Which of the statements given above is/are not correct? 

1. 1 only 
2. 2 only 
3. Both 1 and 2 
4. Neither 1 nor 2