In News: According to a study conducted by scientists at the Space Applications Centre, it has been suggested that the extent of water ice in the northern polar region of the Moon is double that found in the southern polar region.

• About Space Applications Centre (SAC)
  • SAC is a significant research and development center under the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
  • It operates across two campuses and engages in multi-disciplinary activities.
• Genesis
  • The origins of SAC can be traced back to 1966 when the Experimental Satellite Communication Earth Station (ESCES) was established by Dr. Vikram Sarabhai in Ahmedabad.
  • In 1972, various ISRO units in Ahmedabad focused on space technology applications merged to form SAC.
• Core Competence and Activities
  • SAC specializes in developing spaceborne and airborne instruments/payloads for national development and societal benefits.
  • Its applications cater to communication, navigation, and remote sensing needs of the country.
  • The center contributes significantly to ISRO's scientific and planetary missions, including Chandrayaan-1 and the Mars Orbiter Mission.
  • Communication transponders developed at SAC for Indian National Satellite (INSAT) and Geo Synchronous Satellite (GSAT) series are utilized by the government and private sector for various purposes like VSAT, DTH, and broadcasting.
  • SAC designs and develops optical and microwave sensors, signal and image processing software, GIS software, and applications for the Earth Observation (EO) program.
  • These applications span diverse areas such as Geosciences, Agriculture, Environment and Climate Change, Oceanography, and Atmosphere studies.
• Facilities
  • SAC boasts highly sophisticated payload integration laboratories, electronic and mechanical fabrication facilities, environmental test facilities, and systems reliability/assurance groups.
  • It also houses image processing and analysis facilities, project management support groups, and a well-equipped library.
• Training and Collaborations
  • SAC serves as a host institution for training programs for students from the Asia Pacific region, focusing on satellite meteorology and communication under the Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTE-AP).

Source: FP

In News: Recently, the Russian government released new footage purportedly demonstrating the targeting of two Ukrainian High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS) shortly after the United States authorized a substantial increase in military aid for Ukraine.

• Overview of High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS)
  • HIMARS is a lightweight, multiple rocket launcher system designed to engage various targets, including artillery, air defense concentrations, vehicles, and personnel carriers. 
• Manufacturing and Manufacturer
  • The system is manufactured by Lockheed Martin Corporation, a prominent US-based security and aerospace company.
• Features of HIMARS
  • It is mounted on a 5-ton Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV), making it air-transportable and highly mobile.
  • HIMARS can carry either a launcher pod containing six rockets or one MGM-140 Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) with a range of 300 kilometers (186 miles).
  • With a rapid preparation time of less than 20 seconds, HIMARS can fire a full launcher load of six rockets within 45 seconds.
  • After firing, the system swiftly moves away from the launch site at high speed to evade detection by enemy forces.
• Protection and Safety Measures
  • HIMARS is equipped with the Increased Crew Protection cabin, designed to safeguard the three-man operating crew from plume gases, rocket launch debris, and small arms fire.

Source: NW

In News: A group of US scientists has utilized computer simulations to demonstrate that the lack of water on Venus can be attributed to hydrogen chemistry within the planet's atmosphere, rather than solely its extreme heat.

About Venus

• Position and Characteristics
  • Venus holds the distinction of being the second planet from the Sun and the sixth largest planet in our Solar System.
  • It stands out as the hottest planet in the Solar System, despite Mercury's proximity to the Sun and greater solar exposure.
• Atmosphere and Temperature
  • Venus boasts an atmosphere that effectively traps heat, resulting in scorching temperatures reaching a blistering 880 degrees Fahrenheit (471 degrees Celsius), ample to liquefy lead.
  • Its atmosphere's extreme greenhouse effect mirrors Earth's but in an intensified form, contributing to its unparalleled heat.
• Similarity to Earth
  • Often dubbed as Earth's twin, Venus shares striking similarities with our planet, including size, mass, density, composition, and gravity.
  • Its size is marginally smaller than Earth, comprising approximately 80% of Earth's mass. 
• Composition and Atmosphere
  
  • Unlike gas giants, Venus is a rocky planet with a core composed of iron and a rocky mantle, mirroring Earth's internal structure.
  • The planet's atmosphere predominantly consists of carbon dioxide (96%) and nitrogen (3.5%), with minor amounts of other gases like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, water vapor, argon, and helium.
• Distinctive Features
  • Venus stands out for its unique characteristics, notably its lack of a moon, a rarity shared only with Mercury.
  • Additionally, Venus rotates in the opposite direction to most planets, leading to a lengthy rotational period of 243 Earth days.
  • It takes Venus 225 Earth days to complete a full orbit around the Sun, making its day longer than its year.
• Visibility and Appearance
  • The planet's reflective clouds make it highly visible from Earth, appearing as a radiant white object and ranking among the brightest celestial entities in the night sky.

Source: TT

In News: A recent article delves into the escalating healthcare costs in India and underscores the need for healthcare financing reforms that go beyond simple price regulations to achieve affordable hospital care.

Clinical Establishments (Central Government) Rules, 2012

• About
• The Clinical Establishments (Central Government) Rules, 2012 were formulated under the Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010, granting authority to the Central Government.

• Appointment of Secretary of the National Council by the Central Government
• The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare designates a Joint Secretary as the ex-officio Secretary of the National Council for clinical establishments, ensuring coordination and oversight.

• National Council and its Sub-Committees
• The National Council categorizes clinical establishments and forms sub-committees with diverse representation to oversee specific tasks, ensuring a balanced approach.

• Minimum Standards for Medical Diagnostic Laboratories
• Clinical establishments must adhere to specified standards for diagnostic services, ensuring quality and reliability for patients.

• Other Conditions for Registration and Continuation of Clinical Establishments

• Establishments are mandated to display service rates, comply with treatment guidelines, and maintain electronic medical records, enhancing transparency and patient care.

Reasons for Rising Healthcare Costs in India

• Unregulated and Profit-Oriented Health Sector
  • Private providers prioritize profits, leading to price inefficiencies and overprovision of care, necessitating regulatory oversight.
• High Out-of-Pocket Expenditures (OOPEs)
  
  • Over half of healthcare costs are borne by individuals, highlighting the need for comprehensive financing reforms.
• Weak Implementation of Laws
  • Enforcement challenges hinder effective regulation, impacting care quality and affordability.
• Issues in Capping Medical Devices
  • Price caps on medical devices face implementation challenges, failing to address stakeholders' incentives.
• Corporatization of Healthcare
  • Shift towards profit-driven healthcare compromises affordability, necessitating regulatory measures.
• Inadequate Investments in Public Hospitals
  • Underinvestment in public healthcare leads to overcrowding and infrastructure deficits, exacerbating costs.
• Inadequate Political Priority
  • Healthcare lacks political attention, hindering reforms essential for accessibility and affordability.

Preventive Measures to Control Healthcare Costs

• Formulating Standard Treatment Guidelines (STGs)
  • STGs can standardize care practices, ensuring efficient resource allocation and cost containment.
• Comprehensive Health Financing Reform Strategy
  
  • A holistic reform strategy is needed to align incentives and address systemic inefficiencies.
• Following Models of Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan
  • Procurement of generics and insurance schemes can reduce costs and improve access to medicines.
• Maintaining Transparency in Rate Standardization
  • Transparent rate displays and adherence to government-prescribed rates promote accountability and affordability.
• Preventing Irrational Healthcare Interventions
  • Standard protocols can curb unnecessary procedures, improving care quality and reducing costs.
• Implementing Patients’ Rights
  • Protecting patients' rights ensures transparency and accountability in care delivery.
• Controlling Commercialization of Colleges
  • Regulating medical colleges' fees and expanding public education can mitigate commercialization in medical education.
• Reforming National Medical Commission and NEET
  
  • Reforms in medical education and entrance exams can ensure equitable access and quality standards.

Government Initiatives Related to Healthcare

• National Health Mission
• Ayushman Bharat
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)
• National Medical Commission
• PM National Dialysis Programme
• Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK)
• Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK)
• Increased Allocation for Health in Budget 2021
• PM Atmanirbhar Swasth Bharat Scheme
• National Digital Health Mission
• National Medical Commission (NMC) Act, 2019
• Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana

Conclusion

Addressing rising healthcare costs requires comprehensive reforms, including standardization, financing strategies, and regulatory measures, to ensure affordability and accessibility for all.

Source: TH

In News: During a case concerning the government's authority to acquire and redistribute private property, a 9-judge Bench of the Supreme Court opted to address another matter of "radical constitutional consequence": the continued existence of Article 31C.

Article 31C: Upholding Directive Principles

• Introduction and Purpose
• Article 31C was incorporated into the Indian Constitution through the Constitution (25th) Amendment Act of 1971. 
• Its primary objective was to safeguard laws enacted to uphold specific directive principles, notably those outlined in Articles 39(b) and 39(c). 
• These principles emphasize the equitable distribution of material resources and the prevention of their concentration to the detriment of the common good.

• Background and Context
• The genesis of Article 31C can be traced back to the legal challenges faced in implementing certain laws, notably highlighted in the landmark "Bank Nationalisation Case.
• " The 25th Amendment responded to these challenges by addressing the hurdles encountered in realizing directive principles, particularly concerning the equitable distribution of resources and the prevention of excessive concentration of wealth.

• Legal Challenges and Amendments
• Subsequent legal challenges, notably the Kesavananda Bharati case in 1973, prompted modifications to Article 31C. The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 expanded the protective ambit of Article 31C, extending its coverage to encompass all directive principles. 
• This expansion aimed to shield directive principles from legal challenges based on Articles 14 and 19 of the Constitution, which pertain to the right to equality and certain freedoms, respectively.

• Legal Evolution and Controversies
• The evolution of Article 31C encountered significant legal controversies, notably culminating in the Minerva Mills v. Union of India case in 1980. 
• This case resulted in the partial striking down of Article 31C, questioning the extent of Parliament's authority to amend the Constitution. 
• The ruling raised pertinent questions about the limitations of constitutional amendments and their potential implications for fundamental rights and directive principles.

• Current Legal Discourse
• Presently, the Supreme Court is engaged in deliberations concerning the interpretation and validity of Article 31C, particularly in the context of specific laws, such as those related to property acquisition in Maharashtra. 
• Arguments presented before the court revolve around the applicability of the doctrine of revival and the impact of previous judicial pronouncements on the standing of Article 31C. 
• The outcome of these deliberations holds significance for the balance between fundamental rights and directive principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution.

Source: IE

In News: The Model Code of Conduct (MCC), vital for fair elections in India, has evolved over time but faces challenges today. Analysing its history, identifying current issues, and proposing enforcement measures are crucial.

Origins and Expansion Of MCC

• The MCC emerged in the 1960s as basic guidelines for election conduct, initially applied in Kerala's Assembly elections. 
• Over time, it grew in scope and importance under various Chief Election Commissioners (CECs).

Challenges and the Need for Strengthening Enforcement

• Escalating Violations
  • Political parties and candidates frequently disregard the MCC's provisions, engaging in activities like hate speech and misinformation campaigns.
• Exploitation of Loopholes
  • Modern political actors exploit MCC loopholes, especially with the advent of technology and social media.
• Inadequate Deterrents
  • The MCC lacks meaningful consequences for violations, leading to a perception of impunity among politicians.
• Complexity of Enforcement
  • India's diverse electoral landscape strains the Election Commission's (EC) enforcement capabilities, with lengthy adjudication processes.
• Erosion of Public Trust
  • Widespread disregard for the MCC erodes public confidence in the electoral process, fostering voter apathy.

Proposed Reforms to Strengthen Enforcement

• Clear and Comprehensive Guidelines
  • Establishing clear and updated guidelines on permissible conduct during electoral campaigns.
• Strict Enforcement Mechanisms
  • Imposing proportional penalties for violations and streamlining enforcement procedures for swift adjudication.
• Indirect Liability for Political Parties
  • Holding parties accountable for MCC violations regardless of individual culpability.
• Transparency and Public Accountability
  • Maintaining a publicly accessible database of MCC violations to bolster transparency.
• Timely and Credible Adjudication
  • Prioritizing prompt resolution of cases to maintain the MCC's deterrent effect.
• Continuous Evaluation and Revision
  • Continuously updating the MCC to address emerging challenges and changing electoral dynamics.

The Role of Political Parties and Election Commission

• The Role of Political Leadership
  • Promoting ethical standards and responsible conduct within parties to inspire confidence in the electoral process.
• The Role of Election Commission
  • Impartially adjudicating MCC violations and enforcing regulations to uphold electoral integrity.
• Enhancing the EC's Capacity
• Investing in training, technological infrastructure, and human resources to adapt to evolving challenges.

Conclusion

Strengthening the MCC through reforms and fostering ethical leadership can reinforce India's democratic processes and ensure free and fair elections for all citizens.

Source: IE

In News: An employee at Kolkata's Raj Bhavan accused West Bengal Governor C.V. Ananda Bose of sexual harassment. Despite this, Article 361 grants him immunity from criminal proceedings.

Understanding Article 361 of the Constitution

• Overview
  • Article 361 of the Constitution pertains to the immunity granted to the President and Governors of states in India.
• Immunity Clause
  • According to this article, the President and Governors are not answerable to any court for the exercise and performance of their powers and duties in office. 
  • Nor can they be held accountable for any acts done in the course of exercising their official duties.

Key Sub-Clauses

• No criminal proceedings whatsoever can be initiated or continued against the President or Governor of a state during their term of office.
• No process for the arrest or imprisonment of the President or Governor shall be issued from any court during their term in office.

Summary of Article 361

• Article 361 provides immunity to the Governor of a state from legal liability for their official acts and personal acts during their term in office. 
• This means they cannot be held accountable to any court for their official duties, and no criminal proceedings can be initiated against them during their tenure. 
• However, civil proceedings can be initiated for their personal acts after two months' notice. 
• Additionally, the Governor cannot be arrested or imprisoned while in office. If a Governor commits a criminal offense during their term, they can be prosecuted once their term ends, ensuring they are not above the law.

Supreme Court's Interpretation

• In the case of Rameshwar Prasad v Union of India, the Supreme Court ruled that Governors enjoy complete immunity, even on allegations of personal malfeasance. 
• This immunity extends to their discretionary constitutional powers.

Precedents

• In past cases, criminal action against a Governor has been halted until they complete their term in office. 
• For instance, in the 1992 Babri Masjid demolition case, criminal charges were allowed against several leaders except for former Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Kalyan Singh, who was serving as the Governor of Rajasthan at the time.

Source: TH

In News: Escaping amidst a sex abuse scandal, a Member of Parliament (MP) from an Indian political party absconded to Germany using a diplomatic passport.

Overview of Diplomatic Passport

• Diplomatic passports have maroon covers and are typically valid for up to five years.
• Holders of diplomatic passports are granted specific privileges and immunities under international law, including immunity from arrest, detention, and certain legal proceedings in the host country.
• The Ministry of External Affairs’ (MEA) Consular, Passport & Visa Division issues diplomatic passports, known as 'Type D' passports, to individuals falling into various categories.

Categories Eligible for Diplomatic Passports

• Individuals with diplomatic status.
• Government-appointed personnel traveling abroad for official business.
• Officers serving under branches A and B of the Indian Foreign Service (IFS), usually at the rank of Joint Secretary and above.
• Relatives and immediate family members of officers employed in IFS and MEA.
• Select individuals authorized to undertake official travel on behalf of the government.

Visa Notes and Official Travel

• The MEA issues visa notes to government officials traveling abroad for official assignments or visits.
• These visa notes facilitate official travel on behalf of the Indian government.

Revocation Procedures

• According to the Passport Act 1967, the passport authority, with prior approval from the Central government, may cancel a passport or travel document.
• Grounds for impounding or revoking a passport include wrongful possession, obtaining the passport through suppression of material information or based on false information, or if there's a court order prohibiting departure from India or summoning the individual.
• A diplomatic passport can be revoked by court order during criminal proceedings against the passport holder.

Operational Visa Exemption Agreements

• India has operational visa exemption agreements with 34 countries for holders of diplomatic passports.
• Germany is one of these countries, and under a reciprocal deal signed in 2011, holders of Indian diplomatic passports can visit Germany without a visa for stays up to 90 days.
• Similar agreements exist with countries such as France, Austria, Afghanistan, Czech Republic, Italy, Greece, Iran, and Switzerland.
• Additionally, India has agreements with 99 other countries where holders of diplomatic, service, and official passports can enjoy visa exemption for stays up to 90 days.

Source: IE

In News: India's telecom manufacturing sector is under threat from technology companies leveraging 'standard essential patents' (SEPs), posing a risk to the country's domestic phone manufacturing goals. 

Overview of Standard Essential Patents (SEPs)

• SEPs cover technologies adopted as industry standards, ensuring interoperability and compatibility among devices.
• They are crucial for various sectors, including telecommunications, where standards like CDMA, GSM, and LTE are essential.

Challenges Surrounding SEPs

• Patent Holdup Problem
• Companies holding SEPs can demand high royalties, creating barriers to competition and innovation.
• Self-regulation mechanisms like FRAND (Fair, Reasonable, and Non-Discriminatory) licensing have failed to address anti-competitive practices effectively.
• Legal Issues and Judicial Lethargy
  • CCI Investigation and Litigation
    • The Competition Commission of India (CCI) initiated an investigation into Ericsson's alleged abuse of dominant position in demanding excessive royalties.
    • Legal battles ensued, delaying resolution and leaving India as the only major economy yet to address SEP licensing practices.
  • Delhi High Court's Role
    • The Delhi High Court's handling of SEP-related lawsuits and interim remedies has faced criticism for judicial activism and delays.
    • Court orders requiring defendants to deposit large sums during trials have raised concerns over fairness and impact on manufacturing.

Consequences and Government Intervention

• Impact on Manufacturing and Investment

• Judicial delays and activism hinder India's efforts to attract investment and promote manufacturing.
• While the government incentivizes manufacturing, judicial actions undermine these efforts by burdening companies with financial obligations.
• Call for Government Action
• There's a need for government intervention to regulate SEPs and address related challenges.
• Modelling after measures enacted by the European Parliament, India can safeguard its manufacturing ambitions and ensure fairness in SEP licensing.

Conclusion

India must address SEP-related challenges promptly to protect its manufacturing interests.

Given its limited influence in SEP selection and enforcement obligations, government intervention is crucial for maintaining competitiveness and fostering innovation in the country.

Source: TH

In News: The Supreme Court of India has made a significant decision by rejecting the Centre's request to permit administrative allocation of spectrum, thereby reaffirming the principle of conducting open and transparent auctions for allocating this limited natural resource.

Why Did the Supreme Court Reject the Centre's Application?

Reasoning Behind Rejection

• The Registrar of the Supreme Court deemed the Centre's application for clarification as misconceived under Order XV Rule 5 of the Supreme Court Rules, 2013. 
• This rule allows refusal to receive a petition if it lacks reasonable cause, contains frivolous content, or includes scandalous matter.

Key Ruling from the Supreme Court

• The Supreme Court asserted that spectrum allocation to private players must be conducted through open and transparent auctions, as established by the landmark 2G spectrum case judgment from 12 years ago. 
• Allowing "administrative allocation" would have vested the government with sole authority to select operators, which contradicts principles of fairness and transparency.

Legal Framework Regarding Spectrum Allocation

Telecommunications Act, 2023

• This legislation empowers the government to assign spectrum for telecommunications through administrative processes, excluding auctions, for entities listed in its First Schedule. 
• These entities include those engaged in national security, defence, law enforcement, and satellite communications.

2G Spectrum Scam

• Background
  • The 2G spectrum allocation scandal occurred in 2008 when the government allegedly sold 122 licences on a first-come-first-serve basis (FCFS) to specific private telecom operators. 
  • This led to investigations by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and allegations of a loss of Rs 30,984 crore to the exchequer due to discrepancies in the allocation process.
• Supreme Court Verdict
  • In February 2012, the Supreme Court cancelled the 122 telecom licences allocated on an FCFS basis, emphasizing the need for a "non-discriminatory method" like auctions for allocating natural resources to ensure fairness and transparency.

Centre's Current Plea

• Recent Developments
  • More than a decade later, the Union government has requested a specific class of spectrum to be allocated through administrative processes instead of auctions. 
  • This is to address sovereign and public interest functions such as security and disaster preparedness.
• Citing Constitutional Bench Observations
  • The Union government refers to a Constitution Bench's observations regarding a Presidential reference concerning the 2012 verdict. 
  • The Bench clarified that while auction is not a constitutional mandate for all natural resources excluding spectrum, it is mandatory for spectrum allocation as per the law declared in the 2G case.

Spectrum Allocation Methods Across the Globe

Countries like New Zealand have used auctions for spectrum allocation since 1989, while the United States transitioned from lotteries to auctions in the 1990s due to the drawbacks of the former method. Canada and the European Union often use an administrative process called a "beauty contest" for spectrum allocation, which aligns decisions with government objectives but is time-consuming.

Source: TH

In News: The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is considering issuing a Blue Corner notice against a Member of Parliament from a political party who fled to Germany using a diplomatic passport following accusations of sexual abuse.

About Blue Corner Notice

A Blue Corner Notice is part of Interpol's comprehensive system of color-coded notices, allowing countries to share alerts and requests for critical information on wanted persons or criminal activities worldwide.

Importance of Notices

• This exchange of vital crime-related information plays a pivotal role in combating criminal activities that span international borders.
• Interpol issues seven types of notices, each serving a different purpose and implication, including Red, Yellow, Blue, Black, Green, Orange, and Purple Notices.

Types of Notices

• Red Notice: Seeks the location and arrest of individuals wanted for prosecution or to serve a sentence.
• Yellow Notice: Aids in locating missing persons, particularly minors, or helps identify individuals unable to identify themselves.
• Blue Notice: Collects additional information regarding a person's identity, location, or activities in relation to a criminal investigation.
• Black Notice: Seeks information on unidentified bodies.
• Green Notice: Warns about a person's criminal activities, posing a potential threat to public safety.
• Orange Notice: Warns of an imminent threat to public safety posed by an event, person, object, or process.
• Purple Notice: Seeks or provides information on criminals' modus operandi, objects, devices, and concealment methods.

Issuance and Availability

Interpol's General Secretariat issues these notices at the request of a member country's Interpol National Central Bureau, making them accessible to all member countries.

About the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)

• Interpol, or the International Criminal Police Organization, facilitates global police cooperation and crime control.
• Its mandate involves coordinating international police efforts against cross-border terrorism, trafficking, and various other crimes.
• Governance of Interpol is overseen by the General Assembly, its supreme governing body, which convenes annually.
• Interpol operates as an independent international organization and is not a part of the United Nations system.

Source: IE

In News: In the Supreme Court, Tamil Nadu has alleged that while Kerala raises safety concerns about the Mullaperiyar dam, it obstructs essential maintenance efforts on the dam.

Location of Mullaperiyar Dam

• The Mullaperiyar dam is situated at the confluence of the Mullayar and Periyar rivers, entirely within Kerala.
• Constructed in the late 1800s in the princely state of Travancore, it was leased to the British-ruled Madras Presidency for 999 years in 1886.
• The purpose of the dam was to divert a part of the west-flowing Periyar river eastwards to irrigate arid areas of Tamil Nadu.

Situation after Independence

• After independence, the Kerala government contested the validity of the earlier agreement and renegotiated terms in the 1970s.
• Tamil Nadu was granted rights to the land, water, and hydro-power projects at the dam site, with Kerala receiving rent in return.

Origin of the Mullaperiyar Dam Dispute

• Safety concerns arose in 1979 following reports of minor earthquakes causing cracks in the dam.
• The Central Water Commission recommended lowering the water level as an emergency measure until the structure could be strengthened.
• Divergent perspectives emerged, with Tamil Nadu seeking to raise the water level and Kerala expressing safety concerns due to the region's seismic activity.

Supreme Court Judgement on Mullaperiyar Dam Conflict

• In 2006, the Supreme Court allowed Tamil Nadu to raise the water level to 142 feet, dismissing Kerala's apprehensions.
• Kerala countered with a state law restricting the water level to 136 feet, which was later deemed unconstitutional in 2014.
• The Supreme Court directed the formation of a supervisory committee to oversee the raising of the water level and address safety concerns.

Provisions for Water Distribution in the Indian Constitution

Relevant provisions include Entry 17 in the State List, Entry 56 in the Union List, and Article 262.

Dam Safety Act and Mullaperiyar Dam

• About the Act
  • The Dam Safety Act, enacted in December 2021, addresses safety concerns of major dams nationwide.
  • It covers surveillance, inspection, operation, and maintenance of certain dams to prevent disasters related to dam failure.
  • The Act establishes two national institutions: the National Committee on Dam Safety (NCDS) and the National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA).
• Key Provisions
  • The Act applies to dams over 15m in height and between 10m and 15m with certain stipulations.
  • It mandates the formation of State Dam Safety Organisations and Committees.
  • Dam owners are held responsible for construction, operation, maintenance, and supervision.

Linkages between Dam Safety Act and the Mullaperiyar Dam

• The NDSA will perform the role of the State Dam Safety Organisation for dams located in one state and used by another, including the Mullaperiyar dam.
• Experts suggest that the NDSA may subsume the functions of the supervisory committee as per the Act, potentially impacting the ongoing dispute resolution.

Source: TH

In News: The Government of India intends to substitute the Explosives Act of 1884 with the proposed Explosives Bill of 2024.

The Explosives Act of 1884 is a crucial piece of Indian legislation that governs the manufacture, possession, use, sale, transportation, import, and export of explosives in India. Here are the key points about the Act:

Historical Context

• Enacted during British colonial rule, the Explosives Act of 1884 aimed to regulate various aspects of explosives.

Safety Regulations

• The Act applies to various types of explosives, including gunpowder, dynamite, nitroglycerin, and other similar substances.
• The Act mandated safety standards and procedures to mitigate risks associated with explosives, encompassing handling, transportation, and storage guidelines to prevent accidents.
• The Act empowers the Central Government to make rules regulating the manufacture, possession, use, sale, transport, import, and export of explosives.
• These rules govern the issuance of licences, fees, conditions, and exemptions.

Prohibition of Dangerous Explosives

• The Central Government can prohibit the manufacture, possession, or importation of especially dangerous explosives in the interest of public safety.

Exemption

• The Act does not affect the provisions of the Arms Act, 1959.
• Provisions are made for licences issued under the Explosives Act to have the effect of licences under the Arms Act.
• The Arms Act of 1959 regulates the possession, acquisition, and carrying of ammunition and firearms. It also aims to curb illegal weapons and violence.
• The Arms Act of 1959 replaced the Indian Arms Act of 1878.

Evolution and Amendments

• Over time, the Explosives Act underwent several amendments to adapt to technological advancements and emerging challenges, primarily focusing on enhancing safety standards and regulatory mechanisms.

Source: BS

In News: In the fiscal year 2022-23, India reached a notable milestone in the medical goods sector by becoming a net exporter of medical consumables and disposables for the first time.

Status of India's Pharmaceutical Industry

• Manufacturing and Export
  
  • India, historically reliant on medical imports, has transitioned to self-sufficiency in medical consumables and disposables, becoming the largest global manufacturer of generic medicines. 
  • The industry is valued at USD 50 billion and serves over 200 countries, with projections to reach USD 65 billion by 2024 and USD 130 billion by 2030.
• Export and Import Statistics
  • Exports of medical consumables and disposables surged by 16% to USD 1.6 billion, while imports declined by 33% to approximately USD 1.1 billion.

Challenges

• Lagging R&D: India's pharmaceutical R&D expenditure is lower compared to developed nations, hindering new drug development.
• Limited Innovation Ecosystem: Weak collaboration between academia, research institutions, and pharmaceutical companies slows down high-quality drug and medical device development.
• Price Controls and Profit Margins: Government price controls on some drugs can limit profits and deter heavy R&D investment.
• Complex Regulatory Framework: Lengthy and complex approval processes for new drugs lead to bureaucratic hurdles.
• Skilled Workforce Shortage: Shortage of highly qualified scientists and researchers affects efficiency.
• Intellectual Property Concerns: Uncertainty around IP protection discourages large pharma investment.
• Import Dependency: India heavily relies on imports for medical devices and APIs, particularly from China.
• Substandard Drugs: Occurrence of deaths linked to substandard or counterfeit drugs tarnishes the sector's reputation.

Reform Suggestions

• Legislative Changes and Centralised Database: Amend the Drugs and Cosmetics Act (1940) and establish a centralised drugs database for enhanced regulation.
• Encouraging Certification: Encourage more units to obtain WHO Good Manufacturing Practice certification to elevate industry-wide quality standards.
• Transparency, Credibility, and Accountability: Enhance India's drug regulatory regime for transparency and alignment with global standards.
• Focus on Sustainable Manufacturing Practices: Emphasise green chemistry, waste reduction, and energy efficiency for environmental sustainability.
• Moving Beyond Generics: Government support and initiatives like PLI can facilitate the development of novel drugs.
• Boosting R&D and Innovation: Foster public-private partnerships and provide tax incentives for innovation to improve R&D expenditure.

Source: ET

In News: The Supreme Court has yet to deliver its verdict on West Bengal's suit alleging that the CBI is conducting investigations into post-poll violence cases without the state's consent. The Centre argued that West Bengal's suit under Article 131 is not maintainable and constitutes an abuse of legal process.

Article 131 of the Constitution of India

• Description: Article 131 empowers the Supreme Court to exclusively adjudicate disputes between different units of the Indian Federation.
• Disputes Covered: 
• Disputes between the Government of India and one or more states.
• Disputes between the Government of India and any state(s) on one side and one or more states on the other.
• Disputes between two or more states if they involve a question of law or fact on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends.

Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)

• Description: The CBI operates under the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions and is India's premier investigating agency.
• Origin: Tracing its roots to the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DPSE) Act, 1946, the CBI was formed through an executive order of the government.
• Jurisdiction
  • Originally established to investigate cases of corruption in government departments, the CBI now handles various economic crimes and special cases.
  • Investigative powers are divided into Anti-Corruption Division, Economic Offences Division, and Special Crimes Division.
• Consent for Investigation
  • The DPSE Act's Section 6 allows the central government to direct CBI investigations within a state's jurisdiction with the state government's consent.
  • However, the Supreme Court and High Courts can order CBI investigations without state consent.
  • Consent types include general consent and specific consent, affecting the agency's investigative powers within a state.
• States Withdrawn General Consent
  • Ten states, including Punjab, Jharkhand, and Kerala, have withdrawn general consent to CBI investigations.
• Impact of Withdrawal 
  • Withdrawal of general consent does not halt ongoing CBI probes or cases initiated by court orders.
  • CBI can challenge the withdrawal in court and continue investigations with specific consent or court orders.

Centre's Plea on CBI Probes' Maintainability

• Background
  • Originating from a suit filed by West Bengal under Article 131, accusing the Union government of unauthorized CBI investigations within the state.
• West Bengal's Stand
  • Alleges continued CBI interference despite withdrawing general consent in 2018.
• Centre's Stand
  • Argues the suit's dismissal, denying involvement in CBI investigations within states.
  • Contends that CBI isn't a 'state' under Article 131, limiting the scope of the original suit. 
• SC Observations
  
  • Questioning the Centre's stance, the SC highlights Section 5(1) of the DSPE Act, granting the central government authority over CBI investigations across states.

Source: TH

In News: In a recent development, a nine-judge Bench of the Supreme Court has decided to examine the validity of Article 31C. This decision was made during the hearing of a case aimed at determining the government's authority to acquire and redistribute private property.

Understanding Article 31C

• About
• Article 31C safeguards laws enacted to uphold social objectives, ensuring that the community's material resources are distributed for the common good (Article 39B) and preventing the concentration of wealth and means of production to the detriment of the common interest (Article 39C).
• Introduction
• Added to the Indian Constitution in 1971 through the 25th Constitutional Amendment, Article 31C was a response to the Supreme Court's decision in the R.C. Cooper v. Union of India (Bank Nationalisation Case,1969), where the court invalidated the Banking Companies Act, 1969 due to compensation issues.
• Purpose
• Article 31C shields directive principles (Articles 39B and 39C) from challenges based on the right to equality (Article 14) or rights under Article 19 (freedom of speech, right to assemble peacefully, etc).

Legal and Constitutional Challenges

• Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)
• The Supreme Court established the "basic structure doctrine," holding certain fundamental aspects of the Constitution beyond modification by Parliament.
• It invalidated a portion of Article 31C, enabling scrutiny of laws enacted to further Articles 39(b) and 39(c) to ensure alignment with their principles.
• Constitution (Forty-second) Amendment Act, (CAA) 1976 and Minerva Mills Case (1980)
• CAA, 1976 extended Article 31C's protection to encompass all directive principles outlined in Articles 36-51.
• The Minerva Mills Case (1980) struck down clauses 4 and 5 of the CAA, 1976, limiting Parliament's authority to amend the Constitution extensively.

Arguments Regarding Article 31C

• Argument Against Automatic Revival
  • The original Article 31C was replaced entirely by an expanded version in the 42nd Amendment, suggesting that automatic revival is not warranted.
• Argument for Doctrine of Revival
  
  • Supporters of the doctrine of revival argue that the original Article 31C should resurface if subsequent amendments are invalidated, citing precedents like the National Judicial Appointments Commission ruling.

Source: IE

In News: The flagship program of the NDA-1 government, the Smart Cities Mission (SCM), has been overshadowed in this year's list of electoral pledges and achievements.

Understanding the Smart Cities Mission (SCM)

Overview of the Smart Cities Mission:

• The Smart Cities Mission (SCM) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme initiated by the Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) on 25 June 2015.
• Its primary goal is to enhance cities by implementing 'smart solutions' to ensure a decent quality of life for citizens, drive economic growth, and promote sustainable and inclusive development.
• The mission selected 100 cities over five years without a precise definition of a smart city, with the aim of completing the mission by 2020, extended twice until June 2024.

Financial Support and Funding:

• The Central Government allocated Rs. 48,000 crores over five years, averaging Rs. 100 crore per city per year, with an equal contribution required from State/Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).

Main Components of SCM:

• The SCM comprises two main aspects: area-based development and pan-city solutions.
• Area-based development includes redevelopment, retrofitting, and greenfield projects, while pan-city solutions focus on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) initiatives.
• Components further encompass e-governance, waste management, water management, energy management, urban mobility, and skill development.

Achievements of SCM:

• Approximately Rs. 2 lakh crore was allocated for the mission, with Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) playing a significant role.
• An innovative governance model was adopted, with Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) led by bureaucrats or representatives from Multinational Corporations (MNCs).
• Despite challenges, the SCM achieved an impressive completion rate of 83%, utilizing Rs. 72,571 crore across 21 sectors.
• Integrated Command and Control Centers (ICCCs) were established in participating cities, facilitating disaster response and urban function management.

Success Stories of SCM:

• Davanagere implemented a successful stormwater drainage system, reducing flooding instances.
• Jabalpur enhanced water supply to households, demonstrating the mission's focus on improving essential services.
• However, challenges persist in retrofitting existing infrastructure with new technologies.

Criticisms of SCM:

• The selection and implementation process of SCM was flawed, lacking adaptability to India's dynamic urbanization.
• SCM projects saw a decrease in total outlay, falling short of the projected capital flow.
• The SPV model deviated from the 74th Constitutional Amendment, resulting in a top-down governance structure.
• Displacement of marginalized communities, such as street vendors, occurred under the guise of executing smart city projects.
• Urban flooding increased due to infrastructure projects disrupting water channels in some towns.

Source: TH

In News: A recent article explores the emergence of deep fakes within our current election cycle and their potential to undermine the integrity of the electoral process. It delves into the difficulties posed by deep fakes in authenticating information and exercising personal discernment.

Understanding Deepfakes: Origins, Creation, and Impact on Elections

• Definition and Origins:
  
  • Deepfakes are synthetic media generated using AI technology, aiming to deceive individuals by manipulating visual and audio content.
  • The term "deepfake" was coined in 2017 by an anonymous Reddit user known as "Deepfakes," who utilized Google's deep-learning technology for creating and sharing pornographic videos.
• Creation Process:
  
  • Deepfakes are created using generative adversarial networks (GANs), consisting of a generator and a discriminator neural network.
  • The generator produces fake images or videos closely resembling reality, while the discriminator differentiates between authentic and fake content.
• Data Synthesis:
  
  • The creation of deepfakes requires large datasets, often sourced from the internet or social media without consent, including photos or videos of both source and target individuals.
• Deep Synthesis:
  
  • Deepfakes are part of Deep Synthesis, utilizing technologies like deep learning and augmented reality to generate text, images, audio, and video, constructing virtual scenarios.

Advantages of Deepfakes in Elections:

• Segmentation and Targeting:
  
  • Deep learning algorithms enable political parties to analyze extensive voter data, including demographics and social media engagement, for personalized targeting.
  • Natural language processing (NLP) algorithms interpret textual data from social media posts, news articles, etc., aiding in targeting voters effectively. 
• Real-time Monitoring and Adaptation:
  • AI-powered predictive analytics forecast election outcomes by analyzing diverse factors like polling data and social media sentiment analysis.
  • AI algorithms continuously monitor data sources to gauge public sentiment and identify emerging trends.
• Enhanced Communication Strategies:
  
  • AI chatbots and virtual assistants engage voters on social media platforms, disseminating information about candidates and policies.
• Security and Integrity:
  
  • AI-driven tools detect and prevent electoral fraud, ensuring the integrity of elections.
• Regulation and Oversight:
  
  • AI technologies monitor political advertising, ensuring compliance with electoral regulations.

Challenges related to Deepfakes in Elections:

• Electoral Behavior Manipulation:
  
  • Deepfake content can manipulate voters by spreading personalized propaganda.
• Spreading Misinformation:
  
  • Generative AI models can spread disinformation, influencing voter perceptions.
• Inaccuracies and Unreliability:
  
  • Deepfake AI models are susceptible to inaccuracies, posing risks to reliability.
• Ethical Concerns:
  
  • Deepfake usage raises ethical questions regarding privacy, transparency, and fairness.
• Regulatory Challenges:
  
  • Regulating deepfakes in electoral campaigns is challenging due to rapid technological advancements.

Combatting the Misuse of Deepfakes in Elections:

• Regulatory Measures:
  
  • Implement strict laws criminalizing the creation and dissemination of deepfake content during elections.
• Election Commission Guidelines:
  
  • Issue guidelines requiring transparency in AI algorithms used for political purposes.
• Technology-Based Solutions:
  
  • Develop AI algorithms to detect and authenticate deepfake content in real-time.
• Awareness and Education Campaigns:
  
  • Launch public awareness campaigns to educate voters about deepfake technology.
• Enhanced Fact-Checking:
  
  • Establish rapid response teams to address the dissemination of fake news and deepfakes.
• Collaborative Efforts:
  
  • Foster collaboration among governments, tech companies, and civil society organizations to combat deepfake threats.
• Learning from International Practices:
  
  • Draw insights from international approaches to deepfake regulation and prevention.
• Promoting Ethical AI:
  
  • Advance AI technologies with ethical principles, prioritizing objectives like mitigating bias and safeguarding privacy.

Source: IE

In News: To protect consumers from deceptive advertising, the Supreme Court of India has mandated that advertisers must provide self-declarations prior to promoting products through the media.

Regulation of Advertisements in India

• Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA)
  
  • The CCPA, operating under the Department of Consumer Affairs, regulates matters concerning consumer rights violations and unfair trade practices.
  • Established under section 10 of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, it aims to prevent false or misleading advertisements and safeguard consumer rights.
• Enforcement Guidelines
  
  • The CCPA enforces the ‘Guidelines for Prevention of Misleading Advertisements and Endorsements for Misleading Advertisements, 2022’, empowered by the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.
  • These guidelines aim to protect consumer rights by ensuring advertisements refrain from unsubstantiated claims, exaggerated promises, and misinformation.

Objective and Provisions

• The guidelines define various forms of misleading advertisements and lay down provisions to protect consumers' rights to information, choice, and safety.
• They outline duties of manufacturers, service providers, advertisers, and advertising agencies to ensure transparency and clarity in advertisements, enabling informed consumer decisions.

Penalties for Violations

• The CCPA can impose penalties of up to 10 lakh rupees for manufacturers, advertisers, and endorsers for misleading advertisements.
• Subsequent violations may attract penalties of up to 50 lakh rupees.
• Endorsers of misleading advertisements can face prohibition from making endorsements for up to 1 year, extendable to 3 years for subsequent violations.

Regulation by Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)

• Deceptive advertising falls under Section-53 of the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, making it punishable.
• FSSAI mandates truthful, unambiguous, and scientifically substantiated advertisements through the Food Safety and Standards (Advertisements & Claims) Regulations, 2018.

Legislations Governing Advertising

• Advertisement Standard Council of India (ASCI): A nonstatutory tribunal enforcing advertising ethics through the ASCI code, applicable to advertisements seen in India.
• Consumer Protection Act, 1986: Grants consumers rights to information and redressal against misleading advertisements.
• Cable Television Network Act and Amendment Act: Regulates television advertisements to ensure compliance with prescribed codes.
• Restrictions on Tobacco Advertisement: Prohibits tobacco advertisements in all forms of media under the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act, 2003.
• Drug and Magic Remedies Act, 1954 & Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940: Regulates drug advertisements to prevent misuse and false claims.
• Regulation of Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994: Prohibits advertisements related to prenatal sex determination.
• Criminality of Advertisements under Indian Penal Code (IPC): Prohibits obscene, defamatory, or inciteful advertisements, with offenses punishable under IPC provisions.

Source: TH

In News: The Enforcement Directorate (ED) has notified the Delhi High Court of its intention to designate the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) as an accused in the ongoing money laundering probe linked to purported irregularities within the Delhi excise policy scam.

Overview of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002

• Enactment and Objectives
  • The PMLA, enacted in January 2003, aims to combat money laundering in India with three main objectives:
  • Prevent and control money laundering
  • Confiscate and seize property obtained from laundered money
  • Address any other issues related to money laundering in the country.
• Definition of Offence
  • Section 3 of the Act defines the offence of money laundering as any attempt, assistance, or involvement in activities related to proceeds of crime to present them as untainted property.
• Amendments
  • The PMLA has been amended multiple times, including through the Finance Acts of 2015, 2018, and 2019.

Political Parties and Money Laundering

• Section 70 of the PMLA deals with offences by companies, holding individuals in charge liable for contraventions.
• While political parties are not companies under the Companies Act 2013, the Act's explanation broadens the definition of "company" to include associations of individuals, potentially encompassing political parties.

Potential Prosecution

• If a political party were directly accused in a money laundering case, it would be a first instance.
• Political parties have previously faced investigations under the Income Tax Act.

Challenges for the Election Commission

• Suspension or Withdrawal of Recognition: The EC can suspend or withdraw a party's recognition under specific grounds outlined in The Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, primarily related to violations of the Model Code of Conduct.
• De-registration: While the EC can register parties under the Representation of the People Act, it has limited grounds for de-registration, mainly if a party obtained registration through fraud, renounces allegiance to the Constitution, or is declared unlawful by the Union Government under specific laws.
• However, if a political party were implicated in money laundering, the Representation of the People Act lacks provisions to address such situations.

Source: IE

In News: Recent cases of alleged sexual harassment involving MPs, MLAs, and government employees shed light on a troubling aspect of the criminalisation of politics. These incidents highlight ethical issues like moral responsibility and failure to uphold professional ethics.

Understanding the Concept of Criminalisation of Politics

Definition and Impact

• Criminalisation of politics occurs when individuals with criminal backgrounds or charges become politicians and secure elected positions.
• It poses a threat to democratic principles, including fair elections, accountability, and adherence to the law.

Statistics Highlighting the Issue

• Data from the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) indicates a steady increase in the number of elected representatives with criminal charges since 2004.
• In the 2019 Lok Sabha, 43% of members faced criminal charges, with 21% facing serious allegations such as rape and murder.

Root Causes of Criminalisation

• Nexus between politicians and criminal elements, leveraging money and muscle power for electoral success.
• Weak law enforcement and judicial systems, leading to low conviction rates for politicians with criminal backgrounds.
• Lack of internal party democracy, allowing leaders to prioritize electability over integrity.
• Voter apathy and limited political awareness, particularly in rural areas, where immediate benefits may outweigh long-term governance concerns.

Ethical Concerns Associated with Criminalisation

• Lack of non-partisanship and accountability, evidenced by the defence of politicians facing serious criminal charges.
• Absence of democratic accountability through public outrage, highlighting the reactive nature of political responses to scandals.
• Culture of impunity and individual accountability, with women often bearing the burden of pursuing justice against powerful perpetrators.
• Women's empowerment as a fallacy, with substantive progress on women's issues remaining elusive despite rhetoric.

Ethical Implications of Criminalisation

• Societal erosion of moral fabric and reduced civic participation due to distrust in corrupt systems.
• Inequality and exclusion of marginalized communities from political representation.
• Focus on short-term gains over long-term societal development.
• Undermining democratic principles of integrity, fairness, and transparency.

Recommendations for Addressing the Issue

• Strengthening institutional mechanisms for accountability, including anti-corruption agencies and internal party disciplinary processes.
• Promoting a culture of ethical conduct through comprehensive codes of conduct and mandatory training programs.
• Empowering citizens and civil society through civic education and greater participation in the political process.

Conclusion

Restoring accountability and ethical standards within India's political landscape requires a multifaceted approach that addresses institutional weaknesses, cultural norms, and societal engagement. While challenging, such efforts are essential for preserving the integrity of the democratic process and advancing equitable governance.

Source: IE

In News: A recent article delves into the recent economic performance of India and highlights five crucial areas requiring attention from the forthcoming government.

Current State of the Indian Economy in Different Sectors

• Robust Growth
• India's economy has demonstrated robust and resilient growth over the past decade, positioning itself as the fastest-growing economy among G20 nations and climbing to the 5th largest globally.
• Current Account Deficit
• India's current account deficit has significantly reduced to 1% of GDP in the first half of FY24, attributed to resilient service exports and decreased oil import costs.
• Foreign Investment
• Robust foreign institutional investor (FII) inflows have bolstered forex reserves to approximately $643 billion, with FII inflows standing at $41 billion in 2023-24.
• Infrastructural Development
• Significant infrastructural development has been witnessed, with the construction of 74 airports in the last 9 years and a surge in capital expenditure (Capex) to 3.3% of GDP for FY24.
• Manufacturing Sector
• Manufacturing sector capacity utilization is reaching 74%, nearing the long-term average, indicating potential acceleration in private capital expenditure.
• Inflation
• Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation has dipped below the Reserve Bank of India’s upper target band of 6%, with core inflation remaining below 4% in April 2024, primarily due to disinflation in the services sector.
• Decline in Urban Unemployment
• Urban unemployment rate saw a decline to 6.6% in 2023-24, accompanied by an estimated economic expansion of 7.3% in the same period.
• Rural Demand
• Positive trends in rural demand are evident, with Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) volume growth in rural areas surging from 2.2% to 6.2% in the latter half of 2023, according to a Nielsen report.

Challenges Faced by the Indian Economy in the Past Five Years

• Slowdown in Economic Growth
  • The COVID-19 pandemic led to a substantial economic decline in India in 2020, causing a negative growth rate, although there was a strong rebound in 2021.
• Unemployment and Underemployment
  • The pandemic exacerbated job losses, with significant impacts on salaried jobs and a varying unemployment rate.
• Challenges in Agriculture and Allied Sectors
  • Despite recent GDP growth, the agricultural sector has not shown equivalent progress, with challenges in achieving desired growth rates.
• Slowing Household Consumption and Income Inequality
  
  • High levels of income inequality lead to deterioration in consumption demand, especially for lower income classes.
• Infrastructure Deficit and Private Investment
  • India faces a significant infrastructure deficit and declining private investment, particularly concerning transportation, energy, and healthcare infrastructure.
• Export Challenges Amid Geopolitical Tensions
  • Geopolitical tensions can disrupt global trade patterns, affecting India's export performance.

Initiatives Taken for the Growth of Different Sectors in the Indian Economy

• New Economic Policy, 2020
  • A substantial stimulus package aimed at bolstering various sectors and segments of the economy post-COVID-19 crisis.
• Strategic Disinvestment
  • Privatization of public sector enterprises to enhance efficiency, profitability, and competitiveness.
• Comprehensive Labour Codes
  • Introduction of labor codes to streamline and consolidate central labor laws, aiming to offer flexibility and simplify procedures for businesses.
• Production-Linked Incentive (PLI)
  • A scheme to scale up domestic manufacturing capability.
• PM Gati Shakti- National Master Plan
  • Formulation of a national master plan for multimodal connectivity infrastructure projects.
• Bharatmala Project
  
  • A project aimed at improving connectivity, particularly in North East India.
• Start-up India
  
  • Initiative to catalyze the startup culture in India.
• Make in India 2.0
  • Effort to transform India into a global design and manufacturing hub.

Potential Areas of Focus for the Indian Economy

• Creating Employment Opportunities

• Policies aimed at boosting consumption to indirectly contribute to sustainable job creation.
• Reviving Private Investment
• Expansion of schemes like PLI and introduction of investment incentives to stimulate private sector participation.
• Agricultural Reform
• Addressing challenges in the agricultural sector, clarifying trade policies, and standardizing procurement and distribution procedures.
• Boosting Household Consumption
• Fiscal measures to stimulate consumption and address declining household savings.
• Integration into Global Supply Chains
• Strategic approach to enhance India's participation in global supply chains, particularly in merchandise exports.

Source: IE

In News: The Supreme Court of India issued a landmark verdict emphasizing the necessity for all property acquisitions by the government to adhere to the principles outlined in Article 300A. Specifically, the Court overturned Kolkata Municipal Corporation's decision to acquire private land for a public park, deeming it illegal and unauthorized by law.

The Evolution of Property Rights in India: Transitioning from Fundamental to Constitutional Status

Before the 44th Constitutional Amendment (1978)

• Part III of the Indian Constitution enshrined property rights in Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31.
• Article 19(1)(f) granted residents the freedom to buy, own, and sell property.
• Article 31 safeguarded against arbitrary deprivation of property, seen as an absolute right.

The 44th Amendment to the Indian Constitution

• Abolished Article 19(1)(f) and redefined Article 31 as Article 300-A, making property rights a legal rather than fundamental entitlement.
• Article 300-A mandates that property can only be taken away by the government under the authority of law, typically for public welfare purposes.

Judicial Interpretation

• The Madhya Pradesh High Court (2022) emphasized the need for lawful property acquisition serving a genuine public interest.
• In Vidya Devi v. the State of Himachal Pradesh (2022), the Supreme Court affirmed the requirement for government entities to follow due process in property seizures.
• Vimlaben Ajitbhai Patel vs. Vatslaben Ashokbhai Patel underscored property rights as intrinsic human rights, despite losing their fundamental status.

Supreme Court Observations

• Article 300-A establishes seven fundamental procedural rights for landowners, ensuring fairness and transparency in acquisitions:
• Property rights are now regarded as both constitutional and human rights.
• Right to notice
• Right to be heard
• Right to a reasoned decision
• Acquisition solely for public purposes
• Right to fair compensation
• Right to efficient conduct of acquisition processes
• Right to conclusion of proceedings
• Procedural justice is highlighted as essential, ensuring property acquisitions are conducted fairly and transparently, in accordance with the law.

Source: TOI

In News: The Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER) has initiated efforts to foster cleanliness and environmental sustainability by launching Swachhata Pakhwada, scheduled to run from May 16th to May 31st, 2024.

Overview of Swachhata Pakhwada and Swachh Bharat Mission

Swachhata Pakhwada

• Swachhata Pakhwada is an initiative launched in April 2016 under the Swachh Bharat Mission.
• The primary objective of Swachhata Pakhwada is to bring a fortnight of concentrated focus on Swachhata issues and practices by involving central government ministries and departments.
• It aims to engage all ministries and departments in a common programme to contribute to the Swachh Bharat Mission.
• Ministries receive an annual calendar in advance to plan their Pakhwada activities effectively.
• Swachhata Pakhwada activities of observing ministries are closely monitored using the online monitoring system of Swachhata Samiksha, where they upload action plans, images, and videos related to Swachhata activities.
• Ministries observing Swachhata Pakhwada are designated as ‘Swachhata Ministries’ during the fortnight and are expected to make qualitative Swachhata improvements in their respective areas.

Key Facts about Swachh Bharat Mission

• The Swachh Bharat Mission was launched by the Indian government on October 2, 2014.
• It covers both rural and urban areas, with the urban component managed by the Ministry of Urban Development and the rural component overseen by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation.
• The mission aims to achieve various objectives including the elimination of open defecation, conversion of unsanitary toilets to pour flush toilets, eradication of manual scavenging, municipal solid waste management, and promoting behavioral changes towards healthy sanitation practices.

Source: PIB

In News: In March 2024, the National Investigation Agency (NIA) lodged a charge sheet in a Guwahati court, implicating the "China-Myanmar module" associated with the Isak-Muivah faction of the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN).

Ethnic Composition of Manipur

• The Meitei, Naga, and Kuki-Zomi-Mizo are the primary ethnic groups in Manipur.
• The Meiteis constitute the largest community, representing around 53% of the state's total population of 27.21 lakh (2011 Census).
• The Nagas and the Kuki-Zo, classified into 34 Scheduled Tribes, make up approximately 17% and 26% of the population, respectively.

Insurgency in Manipur

• Background
  • Manipur's incorporation into India sparked the emergence of several insurgent organizations.
  • These groups advocate for an independent state within Manipur's borders, rejecting its merger with India as involuntary.
  • The insurgency issue in Manipur arose in the late 1960s and 1970s, following its merger with India.
• Rise of Insurgency
  • The United National Liberation Front (UNLF), founded in November 1964, was the first separatist faction.
  • The insurgency intensified in the 1990s with the onset of Kuki-Naga clashes, triggered by the NSCN's demand to include Kuki-Zo-inhabited areas in its proposed 'Greater Nagaland' project in the 1980s.
  • Insurgent groups demand independent territory for the Kuki-Zo people.
• Active Insurgent Groups
• Nearly 30 Kuki insurgent groups operate in Manipur, with 25 under tripartite Suspension of Operations (SoO) with the Government of India and the state.
• In 2008, 24 Kuki-Zo insurgent groups signed a tripartite SoO pact with the Manipur government, but in February 2024, the government refused to extend the pact, alleging violations by the groups.

Naga Insurgency

• Background
• The Naga National Council (NNC) was established in April 1946 for the social and political upliftment of Nagas.
• The return of Naga leader Angami Zapu Phizo in 1947 bolstered the faction advocating for full independence.
• Shillong Accord and Split of NNC
• The Shillong Accord of 1975, signed by a faction of NNC leaders, aimed to resolve the Naga problem within the Indian Constitution, opposed by Phizo, Isak Swu, and Muivah.
• Isak Swu and Muivah later formed the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) in January 1980, which subsequently split into NSCN (I-M) and NSCN (K).
• Demand for Greater Nagaland
• NSCN-IM has been demanding 'Greater Nagaland,' an extension of Nagaland's borders to include Naga-dominated areas in neighboring states, along with a separate flag and constitution.
• Naga Peace Accord
• Since 1997, NSCN (I-M) has engaged in negotiations with the Government of India, culminating in the 2015 Framework Agreement aimed at resolving the Naga issue.
• Recent Developments
• Talks broke down in June 2022 after NSCN accused the Indian government's appointed interlocutor of excluding crucial political points.
• Ethnic Violence in Manipur
• Ethnic violence erupted on May 3, 2023, between the Meitei majority and the Kuki-Zo tribal community following protests over demands for official tribal status for the Meiteis.
• The National Investigation Agency (NIA) filed a charge sheet accusing NSCN-IM of conspiring with intent to carry out violent terror attacks targeting the Kuki-Zo community.
• NSCN's Allegation
• The NSCN issued a statement accusing Indian security forces of aiding Kuki militant groups in Myanmar to wage war against Meitei revolutionary groups.

Source: TH

In News: The article delves into the Supreme Court's ruling regarding Prabir Purkayastha, the founder-editor of Newsclick, highlighting the significant role of due process of law as a longstanding measure for assessing a civilization's maturity.

Invalidation of Purkayastha’s Arrest by the Supreme Court

• Grounds of Arrest Not Provided
  • The Supreme Court invalidated Purkayastha’s arrest due to the absence of provided grounds, emphasizing the necessity of providing written grounds of arrest to the accused, citing the Pankaj Bansal case of 2023 as precedent.
  • It affirmed that the right to be informed about the grounds of arrest is fundamental under Article 22(1) of the Constitution of India, and any violation of this right renders the arrest and remand process invalid.
• Copy of Reasons for Arrest: A Fundamental Right
  • The court underscored that individuals arrested under the UAPA or any other offense have the fundamental right to be informed in writing about the grounds of their arrest, with a copy of such grounds furnished promptly and unequivocally.
• Clandestine Procedure Adoption
  • The bench noted the secretive manner in which the FIR was withheld from the appellant until after the remand order, condemning it as an attempt to circumvent due process, depriving the accused of legal representation and misleading the court.
• FIR Not an Encyclopaedia
  • The judgment clarified that an FIR serves to initiate criminal justice proceedings and is not exhaustive in its details. It stressed the importance of the written grounds of arrest, which should be personal to the accused, enabling them to defend against custodial remand and seek bail effectively.

Concerns Raised by UAPA 1967 Regarding Due Process of Law

• Divergence from Regular Criminal Law
• The UAPA grants extended remand periods and maximum judicial custody periods, differing from standard criminal law procedures, raising concerns about potential abuse.
• Controversy Surrounding Bail Provisions
• Section 43D(5) of the Act imposes stringent bail conditions, making it challenging for suspects to obtain bail without a full trial, a provision criticized for its draconian nature.
• Expanded Scope Over Time
• The UAPA has expanded its scope to cover various activities threatening national security, including economic aspects, with prolonged proscription periods and increased powers since its inception, raising questions about its balance with individual rights.
• High Pendency and Low Conviction Rates
• Despite a significant number of cases under UAPA, conviction rates remain low, and the pendency of cases in courts is notably high, indicating potential flaws in implementation and due process adherence.

Balancing State Security and Due Process of Law

• Clear Legal Framework
• Establish precise laws defining state actions for security, ensuring accountability and preventing misuse. A parliamentary committee could oversee and suggest amendments to security legislation.
• Judicial Oversight
• Strengthen judicial oversight to review state actions and legality of detentions under laws like UAPA, potentially through a judicial review committee.
• Independent Monitoring Bodies
• Create independent bodies to monitor security law implementation and investigate abuses, empowering bodies like the NHRC to hold state actors accountable.
• Human Rights Training
• Provide human rights training for law enforcement to ensure individual liberties are protected while maintaining security, potentially through comprehensive training programs.
• Public Participation
• Engage civil society and the public in security policy discussions to create balanced and widely accepted policies, utilizing platforms like MyGov for public consultations.
• International Cooperation
• Collaborate with international organizations to promote press freedom and share best practices, aligning with initiatives like the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists.

Conclusion

India must ensure that stringent laws like the UAPA do not overshadow fundamental rights. A harmonious balance between state security and individual liberties is crucial for the country's legal and constitutional integrity, reflecting its democratic values and maturity.

Source: IE

In News: The Supreme Court recently declared that once a special court acknowledges a chargesheet filed under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), the Enforcement Directorate (ED) no longer retains the power to arrest an accused.

Recent Supreme Court Ruling on PMLA

• Background and Provisions: The Supreme Court delivered a ruling arising from an appeal against the Enforcement Directorate (ED), challenging a Punjab and Haryana High Court decision denying anticipatory bail.
• The case revolved around the eligibility of an accused to seek bail under the regular provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) and whether such bail would need to meet the stringent conditions under Section 45 of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).
• Additionally, the court deliberated on whether an accused not arrested during the PMLA investigation would have to meet the rigorous bail conditions if they appeared in court after being summoned or issued a warrant for their non-appearance.

Supreme Court Observations

• Accused Appearing on Summons: The court ruled that if an accused appears before a designated special court pursuant to a summons, they cannot be deemed to be in custody. Therefore, they need not seek bail under the strict conditions of the PMLA.
• The ED must separately apply for custody of an accused after their appearance in court, presenting specific grounds necessitating custodial interrogation.
• This presumption of liberty is significant for safeguarding the fundamental right of personal liberty.
• Nature of Bonds/Sureties: The special court has the authority to direct the accused to provide a surety/guarantee (bonds) under Section 88 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. However, such surety does not equate to granting bail and does not require adherence to the stringent conditions of Section 45 of the PMLA.
• Graded Arrest Procedure: In case of failure to appear before the court despite summons, the special court may first issue a bailable warrant, allowing for bail. Subsequently, if the accused still does not appear, the court may issue a non-bailable warrant for arrest without bail.
• Arresting Non-Accused Parties: The ED retains the power to arrest individuals not named as accused in the initial PMLA complaint. However, to do so, it must follow the proper arrest procedures outlined in Section 19 of the PMLA.

Understanding PMLA

• Overview
  
  • The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) aims to prevent money laundering and enable the confiscation of property derived from such activities, including drug trafficking, smuggling, and terrorism financing.
• Key Provisions
  
  • Offences and Penalties: PMLA defines money laundering offences and imposes penalties, including rigorous imprisonment and fines.
  • Attachment and Confiscation of Property: The Act allows for the attachment and confiscation of property involved in money laundering, overseen by an Adjudicating Authority.
  • Reporting Requirements: Certain entities, such as banks and financial institutions, must maintain transaction records and report suspicious transactions to the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU).
  • Appellate Tribunal: Section 25 establishes an Appellate Tribunal to hear appeals against orders passed by the Adjudicating Authority.
• Recent Amendments
  
  • Prevention of Money-laundering (Restoration of Confiscated Property) Amendment Rules, 2019: Introduces a new rule enabling the Special Court to publish notices in newspapers to call for legitimate claimants of attached/seized/frozen property.
  • Prevention of Money Laundering (Maintenance of Records) Amendment Rules, 2023: Expands disclosure requirements for NGOs and clarifies the definition of "politically exposed persons" to align with FATF recommendations.

Concerns and Way Forward

• Broad Definition of Proceeds of Crime: There are debates over the broad interpretation of "proceeds of crime" in the PMLA, with concerns about its potential inclusion of legal financial transactions.
• Coverage of Numerous Offences: The Act includes various offences unrelated to its original purpose, raising questions about its focus.
• Arrest Procedures: Enforcement Directorate officers have faced criticism for violating constitutional and statutory provisions regarding the communication of arrest grounds.

To address these concerns, suggestions include refining the definition of "proceeds of crime," revising burden of proof mechanisms, establishing independent oversight bodies, promoting international cooperation, and leveraging technological advancements for detection and prevention.

Source: TH

In News: A recent discussion revolves around the politicization of higher education in India and emphasizes the urgent need for substantial reforms.

Current Status of the Higher Education System in India

• Student Enrolment
  • As per the All India Survey of Higher Education (AISHE) 2021-22, the enrolment in higher education institutes stands at 4.33 crore, indicating a significant increase from previous years.
  • The number of women enrolled has risen to 2.07 crore, marking a 32% jump since 2014-15.
  • Notably, the proportion of women enrolled is highest at the postgraduate level (55.4%).
• Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) and Gender Parity Index (GPI)
  
  • The estimated GER for the age group 18-23 years is 28.4% in India.
  • The GPI stands at 1.01 at the all-India level, showcasing gender parity.
• Discipline-wise Enrolment
  • Bachelor of Arts (BA) programs dominate undergraduate enrolment (34.2%), followed by science, commerce, and engineering.
  • Social science stream leads postgraduate enrolment, with 10.8 lakh students enrolled.
  • Engineering has the highest enrolment at the PhD level, followed by science and social sciences.
• Primacy of Government Institutions
• Despite comprising only 58.6% of all universities, government universities attract 73.7% of all students.
• State public universities hold the largest share of enrollment among government-owned universities, accounting for around 31%.

Key Government Initiatives Related to Higher Education

• National Education Policy (NEP) 2020
  • Aims to revamp the education system, emphasizing multidisciplinary learning, skill development, and research and innovation.
  • Proposes increasing the Gross Enrolment Ratio to 50% by 2035.
• Institutions of Eminence (IoE) Scheme
  
  • Launched in 2018, granting complete autonomy to 20 selected institutions.
• National Credit Framework
  • Integrates training and skill development into the education system, with credits stored digitally for accessibility.
• Revamped Accreditation and Ranking Systems
  • Initiatives like NIRF and revamped NAAC ensure quality standards among institutions.
• Digital Initiatives
  • Platforms like SWAYAM and the National Digital Library of India offer online courses and educational resources.
• Study in India Program
  • Aims to attract international students to study in India through scholarships and streamlined admission processes.
• Foreign Institutions in India
  • Regulations allowing foreign universities to establish branch campuses in India, enhancing international collaboration.
• SHE under INSPIRE
  • Offers scholarships to attract students to pursue basic and natural sciences at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.

Current Major Challenges in the Indian Higher Education System

• Inequitable Access and Low GER
• Persistent disparities in access based on socio-economic background, gender, and geography.
• GER, while improving, remains below the global average.
• Politicization and Lack of Autonomy
• Concerns about political interference in institutions' affairs, hindering autonomy and innovation.
• Limited Funding
• Reduced budget allocations and low investment in research and development compared to global standards.
• Shortage of Faculty and Brain Drain
• Vacant teaching positions and talent migration to other countries or sectors due to better opportunities.
• Inadequate Industry-Academia Collaboration
• Lack of effective partnerships leading to a skill gap and unmet industry demands.
• Uneven Regional Development
• Disparities in the quality and accessibility of higher education across different states and regions.

Measures to Revamp Higher Education System in India

• Redefining the Role of Universities
  • Shifting focus to practical skill development, social responsibility, and civic engagement.
  • Transforming institutions into skill generators rather than degree issuers.
• Open Education Resources (OER) Initiatives
  • Enhancing access to educational resources through platforms like the National Digital Library of India.
• Entrepreneurship and Innovation Centers
  • Establishing centers to foster innovation and support student entrepreneurship.
• Transnational Education Partnerships
  • Promoting collaborations with international universities to enhance global exposure and competitiveness.
• Dual Study Programs
  • Implementing programs combining theoretical learning with practical training.
• Competency-based Credentialing and Blockchain Certificates
  
  • Adopting systems to recognize and validate skills acquired through diverse learning pathways, leveraging blockchain technology for transparency and trust.

Source: TH

In News: With the 18th Lok Sabha elections currently in progress, over four lakh undertrials across the country find themselves unable to participate in the voting process due to a broad legal prohibition.

Why Undertrials Are Barred from Voting

• Legal Provisions: Section 62(5) of the Representation of the People Act prohibits individuals confined in prison, under a sentence of imprisonment or transportation, or in police custody, from voting in elections.
• Continued Electoral Status: Despite the prohibition on voting, individuals whose names are on the electoral roll remain electors.
• Exclusion of Preventive Detainees: Notably, the ban on voting does not apply to individuals subjected to preventive detention under prevailing laws.
• Supreme Court Rulings: The Supreme Court has upheld this provision, citing reasons such as resource constraints and the necessity to distance individuals with criminal backgrounds from the electoral process.
• Legal Framework: While the Supreme Court recognizes free and fair elections as part of the Constitution's 'basic structure', it distinguishes the right to vote (Article 326) and be elected as statutory rights, subject to regulations in laws like the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
• Constitutional Rights vs. Statutory Rights: Article 326 of the Indian Constitution enshrines adult suffrage, granting every citizen above 18 the right to vote unless disqualified due to factors like non-residence, unsoundness of mind, criminal convictions, or corrupt practices.
• Disqualification for Contesting Elections: Section 8 of the RPA, 1951 disqualifies individuals from contesting elections only upon conviction for specific criminal offenses, not merely upon being charged.
• Court's Stance on Criminal Charges: The Supreme Court has rejected pleas to disqualify individuals based on criminal charges or false affidavits, asserting that such alterations to the RPA, 1951 can only be made by the legislature.
• Exceptions to Disqualification: The Election Commission of India holds the authority to remove or reduce the period of disqualification under certain circumstances.
• Appeal Provisions: A disqualified Member of Parliament (MP) or Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) can still contest if their conviction is stayed pending appeal to a higher court.

Undertrials' Voting Rights: Should They Have the Right to Vote?

• Arguments in Favor
• Presumption of Innocence: Undertrials are presumed innocent until proven guilty, so denying them the right to vote may be seen as punitive.
• Representation and Political Participation: Allowing undertrials to vote ensures their interests are represented, including those related to prison conditions and the justice system.
• Disenfranchisement Concerns: Denying undertrials the vote could disenfranchise marginalized groups who may be overrepresented in pre-trial detention.
• Equality and Discrimination: Critics argue that denying undertrials the right to vote is discriminatory and violates principles of equality, unlike other countries with more nuanced laws.
• Arguments Against
• Public Safety Concerns: Allowing undertrials to vote may raise concerns about voter intimidation or interference, particularly in serious crime cases.
• Logistical Challenges: Facilitating voting within prisons poses administrative challenges, including ensuring ballot secrecy and preventing coercion.
• Temporary Nature of Detention: Undertrials' voting rights could be restored upon acquittal or completion of sentence.
• Punishment and Deterrence: Loss of certain rights, including voting, may serve as a deterrent against criminal behavior.

Legal Precedents Regarding Voting Rights in India

• Indira Gandhi v Raj Narain Case, 1975: Free and fair elections are part of India's constitutional 'basic structure', ensuring laws violating this can be struck down.
• Praveen Kumar Chaudhary V. Election Commission and Ors Case: The Delhi High Court clarified that voting is a statutory, not a fundamental, right.
• People’s Union of Civil Liberties (PUCL) vs Union of India Case, 2003: The Supreme Court clarified that voting is a constitutional but not a fundamental right.
• Anukul Chandra Pradhan, Advocate v. Union Of India & Ors Case, 1997: The Court upheld Section 62(5) of the RPA, citing prisoners forfeiting freedoms, logistical challenges, and excluding individuals with criminal backgrounds from elections.

Way Forward

• Inclusivity in Electoral Systems: Evolve electoral systems to include incarcerated individuals through methods like mobile voting units or absentee ballots.
• Focus on Rehabilitation: Provide opportunities for meaningful participation in decision-making processes to avoid further marginalization.
• Differentiation Between Convicts and Undertrials: Consider differing electoral rights based on legal status.
• Recognition of Voting as a Fundamental Duty: Incorporate the recommendation to make voting a fundamental right in the Indian Constitution, as suggested by the Swaran Singh Committee (1976).

Source: TH

In News: SC Exempts Lawyers from Consumer Court Proceedings, Reconsiders Ruling for Medical Professionals

Understanding the Consumer Protection Act (CPA)

• Overview of the CPA
• The Consumer Protection Act (CPA) aims to safeguard consumers' interests concerning products or services they acquire.
• Initially enacted in 1986, the act underwent revision in 2019 to adapt to evolving circumstances.
• Provisions of the Act
• Consumers dissatisfied with a product or service can address grievances regarding deficiency through the consumer commission.
• Deficiency in service, as defined by the act, encompasses faults, imperfections, or inadequacies in quality, nature, or manner of performance mandated by law.
• Scope of Service Defined
• The 2019 CPA outlines service as offerings accessible to potential users, including banking, insurance, transport, housing construction, and entertainment, among others.
• However, services provided free of charge or under a contract of personal service are excluded from the act's purview.
• Legal Precedents and Interpretations
• In the Indian Medical Association vs. V P Shantha case (1995), the Supreme Court ruled that doctors fall under the consumer protection law, allowing suits for medical negligence.
• The recent case before the Supreme Court dealt with lawyers' inclusion under the CPA, where the court clarified that the law doesn't encompass professions or services rendered by professionals.

Arguments for Exemption of Medical Profession

• Advocates representing the Indian Medical Association contended that medical practitioners cannot be judged by fixed norms and thus shouldn't be covered by the CPA.
• Commission members lack specialized knowledge in medical matters, making it challenging to adjudicate complex medical issues.

Apex Court's Rationale

• The court emphasized that doctors owe certain duties to their patients and can be held liable for deficiency in service if these duties are breached.
• Commission members need not possess specific medical expertise; instead, the burden lies on parties to provide necessary evidence for informed decisions.

Source: IE

In News: Judicial review must be robust, prompt, and unequivocal when addressing cases involving statutes that are evidently unconstitutional or contentious.

Overview of Supreme Court's Role in Assessing Legislation

• Reflection on Past Decisions: The top court should have the capacity to reflect on its past decisions and understand the political implications of its actions, especially during crucial moments.
• Assessment of Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA): The Supreme Court of India will evaluate the constitutionality of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) and its accompanying regulations.

Challenges Arising from Recent Legislative Ambiguity

• Ambiguity in CAA Rules: Recent ambiguity in the CAA Rules regarding the status of individuals denied citizenship has raised concerns, particularly regarding the potential detention of those whose citizenship requests are rejected.
• Worries about Dual Citizenship: Some petitioners have expressed worries about foreign applicants retaining dual citizenship, which contradicts the essence of the original Act and creates uncertainty.

Traditional Judicial Approach vs. Contemporary Challenges

• Presumption of Law Validity: Traditional legal doctrine presumes legislative actions to be valid unless they clearly violate constitutional principles, as reiterated in the case of Manish Kumar vs Union Of India (2021).
• Challenges of Populist Legislation: However, this approach may fall short in addressing contemporary challenges posed by populist regimes worldwide, which often introduce legislation with specific motives and manipulate electoral processes.

Impact on Democratic Foundations & Judicial Authority

• Diminished Counter-Majoritarian Role: Persisting with an outdated presumption of law validity may diminish the counter-majoritarian role that constitutional courts are expected to fulfill in critical times.
• Erosion of Judicial Authority: Failure to intervene in legislation that disregards constitutional principles can erode the judiciary's authority, impacting the foundation of democracy.

Instances of Judicial Intervention and Non-Intervention

• Examples of Intervention: Instances such as Vivek Narayan Sharma vs Union of India (2023) and judgments on Article 370 demonstrate the consequences of failure to intervene in legislation.
• Anoop Baranwal vs Union of India (2023): This case marked a significant judgment advocating for an independent body to select the Election Commission of India (ECI), but subsequent legislation reinstated executive dominance.
• Jaya Thakur vs Union of India (2024): Despite challenges, the Court declined to halt the operation of a statute, potentially undermining democracy.

Cases of Targeted Legislation and Their Implications

• CAA and Triple Talaaq Cases: The CAA and the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act (2019) exemplify targeted legislation, impacting specific groups and inadvertently exacerbating social issues.

Comparative Perspective: U.S. Legal Precedents

• Evolution of Judicial Scrutiny: In the U.S., there's a growing need for more thorough judicial scrutiny in the face of legislative actions driven by malice, as argued by scholars like Susannah W. Pollvogt.
• United States Dept. of Agriculture vs Moreno (1973): Legislative actions targeting specific groups reflect discriminatory intent, requiring judicial scrutiny.

Indian Legal Precedents for Judicial Intervention

• Ashoka Kumar Thakur vs Union of India (2007): The Supreme Court effectively halted the implementation of parliamentary legislation concerning quota allocations.
• Rakesh Vaishnav vs Union of India (2021): Judicial intervention led to the stay order on controversial farm laws, eventually leading to their withdrawal.

Conclusion and Recommendations

• Robust Judicial Review: In cases involving unconstitutional or divisive statutes, the process of judicial review should be robust, immediate, and unequivocal.
• Heeding Lessons from Past Decisions: The Supreme Court should comprehend the political ramifications of its actions, especially during critical junctures, to uphold democratic principles effectively.

Source: TH

In News: The 26th anniversary of the Kudumbashree mission, which is an SHG, was recently celebrated in Kerala.

What are Self Help Groups (SHGs)?

• Definition and Composition: SHGs are self-governed groups comprising individuals with similar socio-economic backgrounds and objectives. Typically, each SHG consists of five to twenty members sharing common economic outlooks and social statuses. 
• Origins of SHGs in India
  
  • Early Efforts: Informal SHGs, particularly among women, existed for mutual support and collective action before the 1970s.
  • SEWA (1972): The establishment of SEWA by Ela Bhatt marked a significant milestone, organizing poor and self-employed women workers.
  • MYRADA and Pilot Programs (Mid-1980s): MYRADA pioneered SHGs as a microfinance strategy, focusing on providing credit to rural women.
  • NABARD and SHG-Bank Linkage (1992): NABARD launched the SHG-Bank Linkage Programme, connecting SHGs with formal banking institutions.
• Government Initiatives and Policies Supporting SHGs
  • Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM)
  • SHG-Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP)
  • Mission for Financial Inclusion (MFI)

Impact of SHGs on Women

• Economic Empowerment
• Improved access to microfinance and credit.
• Facilitated income generation activities and entrepreneurship.
• Contributed to poverty alleviation and financial inclusion.
• Women's Agency and Empowerment
• Provided leadership and assertiveness training.
• Enabled women to challenge traditional gender norms and assume leadership roles.
• Impact on Family and Society
• Fostered more equitable family relationships.
• Increased women’s representation in local governance.
• Mitigated social issues like domestic violence.

Challenges and Limitations Faced by SHGs

• Sustainability: Dependence on external support and effective internal management.
• Dependency: Overreliance on external aid hindering self-sustainability.
• Intersectional Challenges: Caste, class, and regional disparities impacting inclusivity.
• Agricultural Focus: Limited engagement in non-agricultural businesses.
• Lack of Technology: Rudimentary or no technology adoption.
• Market Access: Limited access to larger marketplaces.
• Poor Infrastructure: Located in areas with poor connectivity and infrastructure.
• Politicisation: Political interference leading to conflicts.

Way Forward

• Technology Integration: Utilize technology for efficiency and scalability, aiding in record-keeping and communication.
• Linkages with Financial Institutions: Strengthen connections with formal financial institutions to enhance sustainability.
• Environmental Sustainability: Integrate environmental concerns for resilience and sustainable development.
• Inclusivity Awareness: Encourage an inclusive approach to address socio-economic disparities within SHGs.

Source: TH

In News: The recent enactment of the Inter-Services Organisations (ISOs) (Command, Control, and Discipline) Act empowers commanders in charge of ISOs to oversee personnel from all military branches, aiming to streamline operations and enhance collaboration.

Key Features of the Inter-Services Organisations (ISOs) Act

• Background
  • The Armed Forces currently operate under separate Service Acts, leading to challenges in maintaining uniform discipline and coordination across inter-service establishments.
  • The ISO Act doesn't propose changes to existing service acts but aims to address coordination issues.
• Features of the Act
  • Empowering ISO Leadership
    • Commanders-in-Chief and Officers-in-Command of ISOs gain authority over service personnel under their command, irrespective of branch.
    • This simplifies command structure and enhances decision-making efficiency.
  • Constituting and Classifying ISOs
    • Existing ISOs like the Andaman and Nicobar Command will be formally recognized.
    • New ISOs may be constituted, requiring personnel from at least two of the three services.
    • A Joint Services Command (tri-service) can be formed, led by a Commander-in-Chief.
  • Applicability and Qualifications
    • The Act may extend to other centrally controlled forces beyond the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
    • Eligibility criteria for Commanders-in-Chief and Officers-in-Command are specified.
  • Control and Commanding Officer
    • The central government retains authority over ISOs and can issue directives related to national security.
    • The Commanding Officer position is established within ISOs, responsible for specific units and personnel.

Significance of Integration of Armed Forces

• Enhanced Operational Effectiveness: Joint planning and training improve coordination crucial for modern warfare.
• Faster Decision-Making: Streamlined command structures enable quicker decisions on the battlefield.
• Optimum Resource Utilization: Integration reduces duplication and optimizes resource allocation.  

Conclusion

The integration of Indian armed forces, as facilitated by the ISO Act, enhances operational efficiency and decision-making. It's a step toward modernizing defense capabilities to match contemporary warfare requirements, aligning with long-term strategic goals.

Source: TH

In News: The Supreme Court (SC) has reaffirmed that the provisions of Section 436A of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) extend to individuals accused of money laundering as well.

Overview of Section 436A of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC)

• Introduction
  • Section 436A was incorporated into the CrPC in 2005 through an amendment.
  • It was added to address concerns regarding the prolonged detention of undertrials.
• Bail Provision
  • According to Section 436A CrPC, an individual who has spent half of the maximum period of the prescribed sentence as an undertrial is eligible for release on bail.
  • This provision applies to offenses where the death penalty is not specified as one of the punishments.
• Release Conditions
  • The court is mandated to release the individual on their personal bond, with or without sureties, if they have undergone detention for up to half of the maximum imprisonment period specified for the offense.
  • However, the court, after hearing the Public Prosecutor, may extend the detention beyond the half period or release the individual on bail, based on recorded reasons.
• Maximum Detention Period
  • An individual cannot be detained during investigation, inquiry, or trial for more than the maximum period of imprisonment provided for the offense under the law.
• Exclusion of Delay Period
  • The calculation of detention period under Section 436A for bail excludes any delay caused by the accused in the proceedings.
• Applicability to Special Acts
  • The Supreme Court clarified that Section 436A applies to Special Acts as well, even in the absence of specific provisions to that effect.

Source: IE

In News: The Supreme Court of India (SC) is scheduled to review a petition filed by the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), an NGO, challenging the accuracy of the voter turnout data provided by the Election Commission of India (ECI).

Petitions Alleging Discrepancies in Voter Turnout Data

• Overview of Allegations
  
  • The Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) has highlighted a notable variance of over 5% between initial voter turnout figures released by the Election Commission of India (ECI) post-polling and the final published percentages.
  • Concerns have been raised by the Opposition regarding potential manipulation during the counting phase.
• Significance of Form 17C
  • Form 17C, as mandated by the Conduct of Election Rules 1961, is essential for maintaining data on electors and votes polled.
  • Part I of the form includes critical details such as EVM identification numbers, total electors assigned, votes recorded, and other pertinent information.
  • Part II contains the outcome of the counting process, facilitating candidates to verify results and address any discrepancies.
• ADR's Petition to the Supreme Court
  
  • ADR is urging the Supreme Court to direct the ECI to promptly upload polling station-wise voter turnout data on its website within 48 hours of each Lok Sabha election phase.
  • This initiative aims to ensure transparency, especially when polling agents are unavailable to obtain Form 17C data.
• Response of the Election Commission of India
  • The ECI clarified that there is no legal obligation to provide Form 17C to anyone except candidates or their agents.
  • However, the ECI voluntarily disseminates voter turnout details through its app, website, and press releases, enhancing transparency.
  • The ECI asserts that allegations against it are part of a consistent malicious campaign to discredit the commission.

Expert Opinion on Voter Turnout Disparities

• Experts note that while the ECI traditionally discloses absolute voter turnout numbers, this time, only percentages are being revealed.
• The delay in releasing turnout figures and the significant increase in final turnout percentages are unusual.
• To enhance transparency, experts suggest uploading scanned copies of Form 17C immediately upon submission by the Presiding Officer, particularly benefiting smaller political parties with limited resources for polling agents.

Source: TH

In News: Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) put a stop to the deportation of a woman who had been deemed a foreigner by a Foreigners' Tribunal in Assam.

Functioning and Significance of Foreigners Tribunals (FTs)

• Established through the Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964, FTs allow state administrations, represented by District Collectors or District Magistrates, to refer individuals suspected of being foreigners to these tribunals.
• Enacted by the Central government under Section 3 of the Foreigners Act, 1946, the Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964, applies nationwide, but currently, FTs are operational only in Assam.
• In states other than Assam, illegal immigrants are typically produced before local courts and dealt with according to the provisions of the Foreigners Act, 1946.
• Following the 2019 amendment to the Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964, both the Centre and states are empowered to establish FTs.

Purpose of FT

• FTs play a crucial role in the detection of suspected foreigners, with superintendents of police (SPs) and district commissioners authorized to make references to these tribunals.
• The Election Commission of India (ECI) can refer cases of Doubtful voters (D-voters) to the local SP, who then forwards them to FTs for citizenship verification.
• Individuals excluded from the final draft of the National Register of Citizens (NRC) released in August 2019 have the right to appeal before FTs to prove their citizenship.

Functions of FTs

• Upon receiving a reference against an individual, the FT serves them with a copy of the grounds for suspicion and a show-cause notice within 10 days.
• The notice specifies that the burden of proof lies with the individual to demonstrate their non-foreigner status.
• FTs afford the individual a reasonable opportunity to present their case, either in person or through legal representation, and submit supporting evidence.
• Failure to provide evidence or arrange for bail may result in detention and transfer to a detention centre as directed by the FT.
• The Supreme Court has ruled that FT decisions on an individual's nationality hold binding authority, surpassing the decisions of the government or NRC verification authorities.

Source: BB

In News: The article underscores the Indian President's call for Indian Forest Service officers to merge traditional tribal knowledge with modern conservation methods, recognizing its significance in forest preservation and climate change mitigation.

Roles of Tribal Population in Forest Conservation

• Sustainable Resource Utilization
• Tribal communities have developed sustainable methods of resource extraction from forests. 
• For instance, every resource collection practice done by Kadars tribes of South India, whether honey, firewood, resin, or herbs, is designed to allow for regeneration. 
• Similarly, the Bhotias of Central Himalayas inspect the maturity of leaves before harvesting medicinal plants to prevent overharvesting.
• Preservation of Sacred Groves
• Many tribes consider certain forest areas as sacred groves dedicated to folk deities. 
• For example, the Garasia tribes in Sirohi district, Rajasthan have preserved patches of forests termed sacred groves, protecting threatened plant species listed in the IUCN Red List.
• Rotational Farming and Grazing
• Tribes like the Gond, Pradhan, and Baiga of Madhya Pradesh practice Utera farming, where the next crop is sown before harvesting the primary one, utilizing existing soil moisture. 
• They also follow the Badi cropping system, planting fruit trees along the periphery to prevent soil erosion.
• Sustainable Fishing Practices
• Unlike harmful methods like dynamiting, tribes employ sustainable fishing techniques. 
• For instance, the Wancho and Nocte tribes of Tirap district, Arunachal Pradesh create obstructions in streams using bamboo and stones to trap fish, distributing the catch among the community (Bheta method).
• Wildlife Protection through Beliefs and Totems
• Tribal beliefs and totems restrict the culling of certain animals and plants. 
• For example, for the Adi tribes of Arunachal Pradesh, tigers, sparrows, and pangolins are well-wishers of humankind and are not hunted.
• Community-based Conservation Efforts
• Some tribes have declared parts of their forest land as "Community Conserved Areas" governed by locals. 
• For instance, the Idu Mishmis have taken this step, while the Bishnoi Tiger Force, an environmental campaign group, actively fights against poaching and rescues injured animals in Rajasthan. 

Key Challenges Encountered by Tribals in India

• Land Alienation and Displacement
• Tribal communities have faced widespread displacement due to various development projects, such as mining, dams, and infrastructure projects, leading to the loss of their traditional lands and disruption of their way of life.
• Lack of Implementation of Forest Rights Act
• The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, aimed to recognize the rights of forest-dwelling communities over land and resources. 
• However, its implementation has been slow and ineffective, with many tribes facing delays, harassment, and illegal evictions.
• Threats to Traditional Livelihood Practices
• Traditional livelihood practices of tribal communities, such as shifting cultivation, hunting, and gathering, are increasingly under threat due to conservation policies and restrictions imposed by forest departments.
• Loss of Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Erosion
• With the younger generation of tribals migrating to urban areas in search of better opportunities, there is a risk of losing the traditional knowledge and practices passed down through generations.
• Impact of Climate Change
• Tribal communities, heavily dependent on natural resources, are among the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. 
• For instance, the Khasi tribe in Meghalaya has witnessed a decline in their traditional agricultural practices due to changing rainfall patterns and temperature increases.

Measures to Integrate Tribal Empowerment with Forest Conservation

• Eco-tourism Initiatives
• Promoting eco-tourism initiatives led by tribal communities can provide them with alternative livelihood opportunities while preserving their cultural heritage and traditional knowledge.
• Tribal Forest Guardians Program
• Implementing a "Tribal Forest Guardians" program, where members of tribal communities are trained and employed as forest guards or eco-guides.
• Tribal Knowledge Banks
• Documenting and integrating traditional ecological knowledge of tribal communities into modern conservation strategies.
• Forest Product Value Addition and Marketing
• Establishing value-addition and marketing initiatives for forest products collected by tribal communities.
• Participatory Forest Management
• Promoting participatory forest management models, where tribal communities are actively involved in decision-making processes related to forest conservation and management. 

Source: IE

In News: The Election Commission of India (ECI) recently issued a report regarding the enforcement of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC), highlighting the role of star campaigners in maintaining societal harmony without disruption.

Understanding the Derecognition of Political Parties

• Definition of Derecognition
  • Derecognition entails the withdrawal of recognition granted to a political party by the Election Commission of India (ECI). 
  • Such parties are then categorized as registered-unrecognized parties, retaining the eligibility to contest elections but losing the privileges associated with recognized parties.
• Recognition of Political Parties
  • Registered parties not recognized as national or state parties are termed as Registered Unrecognized Political Parties (RUPP).
  • Recognition as a national or state party is conferred under the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968, based on specific criteria such as winning requisite seats or obtaining a certain percentage of votes in general elections.
  • Presently, there are six national parties and sixty-one state parties recognized by the ECI, enjoying various privileges like reserved symbols and star campaigners during elections.
• Criteria for Derecognition of National Parties
  • Derecognition of a national party may occur if it fails to meet certain criteria
    
    • Failure to secure a minimum percentage of votes or seats in general elections.
    • Non-submission of audited accounts to the ECI on time.
    • Failure to conduct organizational elections within the party promptly.

Explaining Deregistration of Political Parties

• Definition of Deregistration
  • Deregistration refers to the cancellation of a political party's registration, thereby barring it from contesting elections. However, the ECI lacks the authority to deregister parties.
• Registration of Political Parties
  
  • Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 outlines the requirements for political party registration, including submission of a constitution pledging allegiance to the Indian Constitution and its principles.
  • Registered parties enjoy benefits such as tax exemption and a common symbol for elections.
• Grounds for Deregistration
  • A political party can only be deregistered under specific circumstances:
  • Obtaining registration through fraud.
  • Declaration of illegality by the Central Government.
  • Refusal to comply with the Indian Constitution after revising its internal constitution.

Challenges and Proposed Solutions

• Need for Deregistration
• Many registered but unrecognized parties do not actively participate in elections, raising concerns about potential misuse of tax exemptions and donations.
• While recognized parties may breach Model Code of Conduct (MCC) norms, the ECI's authority to penalize them is limited.
• Proposed Solutions
• The ECI and the Law Commission have recommended amendments empowering the ECI to deregister inactive parties.
• Periodic reviews could identify and discourage inactive parties from solely seeking tax benefits.
• The National Electoral Fund and penalties for defaulting parties have been suggested to enhance transparency and accountability.
• Granting the ECI the authority to audit political party accounts would further ensure transparency.

Source: TH

In News: Recently, the National Council for Cement and Building Materials-Incubation Centre (NCB-IC) was inaugurated by the Joint Secretary of the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

Support for Startups in the Cement and Building Materials Industry

• At NCB-IC, startups and entrepreneurs undergoing incubation will receive mentoring from NCB scientists and experts from the cement and building materials sector to enhance and refine their products for commercialization.
• The number of startups officially recognized by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) has risen to 136,584.

National Council for Cement and Building Materials (NCB)

• NCB serves as the premier research and development organization operating under the administrative jurisdiction of DPIIT.
• Dedicated to research, technology development, and transfer, as well as providing education and industrial services, NCB focuses on cement, allied building materials, and the construction industries.

Source: PIB

In News: The main opposition party in India has proposed the establishment of a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) to probe allegations that the Adani Group sold substandard coal to a state-owned company in Tamil Nadu, misrepresenting its quality.

Understanding Joint Parliamentary Committees (JPCs)

• JPCs are ad-hoc Committees established by Parliament to conduct thorough examinations of specific subjects or Bills.
• They comprise members from both Houses and from ruling and opposition parties, chaired by a Lok Sabha member appointed by the Speaker.
• The composition of JPCs is determined by Parliament without a set limit on the number of members.
• Upon completing their term or task, JPCs are dissolved.
• While the committee's recommendations are advisory and not binding on the government, suggestions from committees with a majority of MPs and heads from the ruling party are often accepted.
• JPCs have the authority to gather evidence from experts, public bodies, associations, individuals, or interested parties either proactively or in response to requests.
• Examples of cases in which JPCs were formed include the Bofors scandal (1987), the Harshad Mehta stock market scam (1992), the Ketan Parekh share market scam (2001), the National Register of Citizens (NRC, 2016), and the Personal Data Protection Bill (2019).

Source: TH

In News: In a recent development, the Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) has addressed complaints concerning 101 advertisements that feature celebrities.

Overview of the Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI)

• The ASCI is a voluntary self-regulatory organization within India's advertising industry.
• Established in 1985, it operates as a non-profit company registered under Section 25 of the Company Act.
• Its membership comprises professionals from marketing, creative, media, and related sectors in India.
• The ASCI is dedicated to promoting self-regulation in advertising to safeguard consumer interests.

Purpose and Functions

• The ASCI code aims to regulate advertising content, ensuring it does not unduly offend certain segments of the population while still promoting products effectively.
• It enforces its Code for Self-Regulation, requiring advertisements to be legal, decent, honest, truthful, and not hazardous or harmful, while also promoting fair competition.
• The ASCI investigates complaints across various media platforms, including print, TV, radio, hoardings, SMS, emailers, internet/website, product packaging, brochures, promotional material, and point-of-sale materials.

International Affiliation

• The ASCI holds a position on the Executive Committee of the International Council on Ad Self-Regulation (ICAS), reflecting its involvement in global advertising self-regulation initiatives.

Source: TP

In News: Recently, the Election Commission (EC) invoked Article 329(b) of the Constitution, which bars judicial interference in the functioning of the commission during ongoing electoral processes.

• Article 329(b) in the Indian Constitution
• Part XV of the Constitution, encompassing articles 324-329, is dedicated to elections.
• Article 324 grants the Election Commission powers to direct and regulate elections.
• Article 329, comprising two clauses, addresses the judiciary's role in electoral affairs.
• Article 329(a)
• States that the judiciary cannot challenge the constitutionality of laws concerning electoral district boundaries or seat allocations.
• Article 329(b)
• Amended by the Constitution (19th Amendment) Act, 1966.
• Specifies that no election to either House of Parliament or State Legislature can be disputed except through an election petition presented as per laws enacted by the appropriate Legislature.
• Legal Provisions
• Election-related disputes are exclusively handled through election petitions presented according to laws enacted by the Legislature.
• The Representation of the People Act, 1951, authorizes high courts to hear and decide election petitions.
• Decisions from these petitions can be appealed to the Supreme Court.
• Supreme Court Interpretations
• In the 1952 Ponnuswamy judgment (Ponnuswamy v. Returning Officer Namakkal), the SC defined "election" in Article 329(b) as the entire electoral process from notification to result declaration, barring court interference.
• The SC, in K. Venkatachalam vs. A. Swamickan (1999), ruled that Article 329(b) does not apply to matters under Articles 191 and 193, which address disqualifications and penalties related to parliamentary and legislative assembly memberships.

Source: TP

In News: The recent ruling by the Supreme Court, which invalidated the electoral bonds scheme, has provided opposition parties with a significant opportunity to elevate it as a critical issue during the ongoing parliamentary election campaign.

Addressing the Imperative for Transparency and Reform

• The imperative for transparency and reform has been underscored both by the Supreme Court's rulings and by the prevailing public sentiment, emphasizing the urgent need to curtail the prevalence of untraceable funds within political circles. 
• As awareness among the public regarding the operational methods and financial resourcing of political entities continues to burgeon, it presents a ripe occasion for the government to enact substantive reforms. 
• The ensuing proposals are geared towards mitigating the concerns surrounding the operational and monetary aspects of political parties.

Reforms in Political Party Functioning

• Recognition as Public Bodies: It is proposed that political parties should be recognized as public bodies under the Constitution. Consequently, they should be brought under the purview of the Right to Information Act to ensure transparency.
• Institutional Regulation: The establishment of a National Commission for Political Parties, akin to the Election Commission of India (ECI), is advocated. This commission would regulate all aspects of political parties, allowing the ECI to focus solely on conducting elections.
• Non-secular nature: A prerequisite for registration should be that political parties must not indicate a non-secular nature in their names.
• Secular and Democratic Principles: Political parties should be mandated to operate on secular and democratic principles. Additionally, there should be limited tenures for elected office-bearers to foster inclusivity and prevent the consolidation of power.
• Annual Audits: It is suggested that the accounts of political parties undergo annual audits, with the results being made public for transparency purposes.

Funding Reforms

• Transparency in Donations: Complete transparency regarding donors and recipients is deemed essential. To achieve this, all donations should be made through banking channels, and details of each transaction should be reported to the National Commission for Political Parties.
• Tax Incentives and Liabilities: Political parties should not incur tax liabilities on donations received. Conversely, donors should receive a 100% tax rebate on their contributions. However, to deter the use of cash donations, such contributions should be subject to heavy taxation.
• Income Tax Returns: Irrespective of tax liability, political parties should be obligated to file income tax returns.
• Donation Limits: A donation cap should be imposed to prevent any single donor from contributing more than 20% of their average net profits over the previous three years to political parties. Additionally, donors must report all their contributions to the National Commission for Political Parties.
• Sector-Specific Norms: Donors from tax-exempt sectors, such as agriculture, should channel their donations through banking channels. Norms for such donations should be set by the government based on the respective sector's holdings.
• Auditing Powers: The National Commission should possess the authority to audit the accounts of any political party, if deemed necessary, utilizing the services of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG).

Public Consultation and Implementation

• The central government should engage in soliciting public comments on the proposed policy for funding political parties before finalizing it. 
• This approach aims to minimize legal challenges and ensure that the policy resonates with public expectations and interests.

Conclusion

The implementation of these reforms holds the potential to enhance the transparency and accountability of political parties, thereby fortifying the democratic process in India. Public support for these measures is imperative, and it is anticipated that many enlightened politicians would endorse these suggestions as they ultimately serve to bolster public trust in their respective parties.

Source: DH

In News: Recently, the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) instructed general insurers to engage with transport authorities across 28 states and eight union territories to ensure the provision of mandatory covers for uninsured vehicles.

About IRDAI: India's Insurance Regulatory Authority

• Introduction
  • The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) is a statutory body established under the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999, for comprehensive oversight and advancement of the insurance sector in the country.
• Objectives
• To safeguard the interests and ensure fair treatment of policyholders.
• To regulate the insurance industry impartially and uphold its financial stability.
• To formulate regulations regularly to maintain clarity and transparency in the industry's operations.
• Headquarters
• IRDAI is headquartered in Hyderabad.
• Responsibilities
• It is responsible for registering and licensing insurance and reinsurance companies, as well as intermediaries, in accordance with regulations.
• IRDAI sets eligibility criteria, qualifications, and capital requirements for obtaining licenses in the insurance business.
• Entities Regulated
• Life Insurance Companies (both public and private sector)
• General Insurance Companies (both public and private sector, including standalone Health Insurance Companies)
• Reinsurance Companies
• Agency Channel
• Intermediaries such as Corporate Agents, Brokers, Third-party Administrators, Surveyors, and Loss Assessors.
• Composition
• IRDAI is composed of a 10-member body, including a chairman, five full-time members, and four part-time members appointed by the Government of India.
• Significant Responsibilities
• Ensuring efficient conduct of insurance business and protection of policyholders' interests.
• Approving product terms and conditions offered by insurers.
• Regulating investment of funds by insurance companies and maintaining solvency margins.
• Specifying financial reporting norms for insurance companies.
• Setting codes of conduct, qualifications, and training for intermediaries or insurance agents.
• Conducting inspections, inquiries, and audits of insurance entities.
• Ensuring insurance coverage in rural areas and for vulnerable sections of society.

Source: BT

In News: The ongoing conflict between Israel and Iran has generated a state of unrest, impacting the security of the significant Indian diaspora residing in the Gulf region.

Reasons for the Iran-Israel Conflict:

• Historical Context
  • The relationship between Iran and Israel has been tumultuous since the Iranian Revolution of 1979.
  • Iran's transformation into an Islamic Republic led to open hostility towards Israel, unlike the previous alliance under the Shah.
• Religious and Ideological Differences 
  • Iran is an Islamic republic governed by Shia Islam, while Israel is predominantly Jewish.
  • These differences contribute to mutual suspicion and animosity between the two nations.
• Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
  • Iran supports Palestinian causes and militant groups like Hamas and Hezbollah, considered terrorist organizations by Israel.
  • Iran's backing of these groups and calls for Israel's destruction heighten tensions.
• Geopolitical Rivalry
  • Iran and Israel compete for influence in the Middle East, leading to conflicting interests in regional conflicts.
  • Their support for opposing factions in conflicts like Syria and Yemen exacerbates tensions.
• Nuclear Program
  • Israel views Iran's nuclear program with concern, fearing it could pose an existential threat.
  • Israel opposes the Iran nuclear deal and has taken actions to disrupt Iran's nuclear activities.
• Proxy Conflicts
  • Both countries engage in proxy conflicts through support for opposing factions in neighboring countries.
  • Iran's support for Hezbollah in Lebanon and Shia militias in Iraq is perceived as a threat by Israel.
• Regional Power Dynamics 
• The competition between Iran and Israel shapes the balance of power in the Middle East.
• This competition contributes to a cycle of tensions and conflicts in the region.

Implications of the Iran-Israel Conflict on India

• Economic Implications
  • Conflict could disrupt oil supply from the region, impacting global oil prices and India's energy costs.
  • India's oil imports through the strategic Strait of Hormuz may face supply shortages, affecting economic growth.
• Diaspora
  
  • The safety of the Indian diaspora in West Asia, particularly the Persian Gulf, could be jeopardized by regional tensions.
  • Evacuation efforts may be necessary to ensure their safety during periods of heightened conflict.
• Connectivity
  
  • Tensions could affect India's strategic connectivity interests, including projects like the Chabahar port in Iran.
  • Shipping disruptions in the region could lead to delays and increased costs in global trade.
• Diplomatic Challenges
  
  • India's relations with both Iran and Israel pose diplomatic challenges during conflicts between the two nations.
  • Maintaining neutrality while safeguarding national interests becomes more challenging in such situations.

Source: TH

In News: As part of the bailout package backed by the IMF's Stand-By Arrangement (SBA), the International Monetary Fund has authorized an immediate disbursement of USD 1.1 billion to Pakistan.

The IMF's Stand-By Arrangement: Key Aspects and IMF Overview

• The Stand-By Arrangement (SBA) is designed to offer short-term financial aid to countries grappling with balance of payments challenges. It has historically been the preferred lending mechanism for both advanced and emerging market economies.
• Eligibility for the SBA extends to all member nations facing actual or potential external financing difficulties. While it is predominantly utilized by advanced and emerging market economies, low-income countries occasionally access the SBA alongside the Standby Credit Facility (SCF).
• Conditionality is a central feature of the SBA, requiring recipient countries to address the underlying issues that prompted their request for financial support. Disbursements are contingent upon meeting specified quantitative performance criteria. Additionally, progress in implementing essential structural reforms is evaluated comprehensively, including through predefined benchmarks.
• The duration of assistance under the SBA is flexible, typically spanning a period of 12 to 24 months, with a maximum extension of 36 months.
• Key aspects of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) include its role in fostering economic growth and employment through temporary financial aid to facilitate balance of payments adjustments and technical assistance.
• Established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference, the IMF's primary objective was to reconstruct the international monetary system.
• Noteworthy publications issued by the IMF include the World Economic Outlook and the Global Financial Stability Report.
• The IMF's headquarters are located in Washington, DC, USA.

Source: TH

In News: In the evolving landscape of geopolitics, there's a notable shift occurring as Japan, historically synonymous with post-war pacifism, enhances its military prowess. This transition holds the potential to fundamentally reshape the power dynamics not only in Asia but also on a global scale.

Key Facts About Japan’s Diplomatic Posture

Japan's Diplomatic Journey Before World War II

• Seclusion (1600s-1850s):
  
  • For over 200 years, Japan remained largely closed off from the world to preserve social order and prevent foreign influence.
• Catching Up (1850s-1900s):
  
  • The arrival of Portuguese Commodore Perry's "Black Ships" in 1853 forced Japan out of its self-imposed seclusion. Japan modernised its military, adopted Western technology, and renegotiated treaties to regain control of its trade and foreign policy.
• Aggressive Stance (1900s-1930s):
  
  • Despite victories, Japan wasn't treated as a full equal by Western powers, leading to frustration and a shift towards aggressive expansionism, culminating in World War II.

Japan's Diplomatic Journey After World War II

• Following World War II, Japan embraced pacifism under US-led occupation, focusing on economic rebuilding.
• Over recent decades, Japan has shifted towards a more assertive role on the world stage.

Factors Leading to Japan's Diplomatic Posture Change

External Factors

• China's Rise: China's growing military power and assertive claims in the East China Sea have prompted Japan to strengthen its defences.
• North Korean Threat: North Korea's nuclear weapons development is a major security concern for Japan.
• Uncertain US Commitment: Japan perceives a decline in US commitment to Asian security, leading to a more self-reliant defence approach.

Internal Factors:

• Conservative Resurgence: Conservative voices in Japan advocate for a more active security role.
• Pacifist Fatigue: Some question the sustainability of relying solely on the US for security.

How Japan is Changing its Diplomatic Posture:

• Manifestations of Change:
  • Increased Defence Spending: Japan has raised its defence budget and plans to reach 2% of GDP by 2027.
  • Military Buildup: Japan is acquiring new military capabilities and easing restrictions on arms exports.
  • Deeper Security Cooperation: Japan is enhancing cooperation with allies like the US through joint military exercises and technology sharing.
  • Active Regional Diplomacy: Japan is strengthening relationships with regional powers and engaging in security dialogues like the QUAD.
  • Support for Ukraine: Japan supports Ukraine against Russian aggression, signaling its commitment to international norms.
  • Shifting Stance on Historical Issues: Japan seeks reconciliation with historical adversaries like South Korea.

How Japan’s Changing Posture will Affect Indian Interest:

• Potential Benefits:
  
  • Countering China: Japan's increased military capabilities could strengthen regional deterrence against Chinese aggression.
  • Enhanced Security Cooperation: Japan's emphasis on cooperation with India could lead to joint military exercises and technology sharing.
  • Infrastructure Development: Japanese ODA loans could fund infrastructure projects in India's border areas, improving defence preparedness and connectivity.

Economic Cooperation: Stronger Japan-India ties could boost trade and investment.

• Potential Challenges:
  
  • Competition: Arms race potential between India and Japan could strain resources.
  • Diplomatic Challenges: Balancing assertive powers in competing blocs may pose diplomatic challenges for India.
  • Ideological Conflicts: Differences in stance on issues like human rights could create ideological conflicts.

Conclusion

Japan's diplomatic shift has significant implications for Asia. Effective management of the relationship between Japan and India is crucial for maximizing potential benefits and addressing challenges.

Source: IE

In News: Recently, International Labour Day was observed worldwide to recognize and honor the invaluable contributions made by workers across the globe.

International Labour Day Overview

• International Labour Day, also known as Workers Day or May Day, is celebrated globally on May 1st each year.
• It's dedicated to honoring the efforts and achievements of workers and the labour movement.
• More than 80 countries, including India, Cuba, and China, observe International Labour Day.
• On this day, people worldwide participate in marches to advocate for working-class rights and to protect them from exploitation.

History of International Labour Day

• The origins of International Labour Day trace back to the late 19th-century labour movement in the United States.
• In 1886, a significant demonstration took place where workers demanded an eight-hour workday.
• The demonstration escalated, resulting in the Haymarket Affair in Chicago, causing injuries to many people.
• The Haymarket Affair incident marked the inception of International Labour Day.
• In 1889, various socialist parties in Europe collectively decided to celebrate May 1st as International Labour Day.
• Since then, the day has been observed annually on May 1st.

International Labour Organization (ILO) Key Facts

• The ILO is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) dedicated to improving labour conditions and living standards globally.
• Established in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles, it became the first affiliated specialized agency of the UN in 1946.
• The organization is committed to advancing opportunities for both women and men to obtain decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security, and human dignity.
• Its main objectives include promoting rights at work, encouraging decent employment opportunities, enhancing social protection, and strengthening dialogue on work-related issues.
• The ILO provides technical assistance in social policy and administration, workforce training, and fosters cooperative organizations and rural industries.
• Additionally, it compiles labour statistics, conducts research on various social problems, and helps protect the rights of international migrants and organized labour.
• In recognition of its activities, the ILO was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1969.

Source: NDTV

In News: The Government of Nepal has decided to issue a Rs-100 currency note featuring the country's map, including territories claimed by India.

Historical Background

• Under the Treaty of Sagauli (1816), signed between the British East India Company and Nepal, the Kali River was designated as Nepal's western boundary with India. 
• However, the treaty did not specify the ridgeline, leading to discrepancies in subsequent British survey maps regarding the source of the Kali River. 
• This ambiguity has resulted in boundary disputes between India and Nepal.

Recent Dispute Between the Two Countries

• In 2020, Indian Defence Minister Shri Rajnath Singh inaugurated a new link road from India to China via the Lipulekh pass to facilitate travel for pilgrims to Kailash Mansarovar. 
• Nepal strongly protested this action, claiming it violated a 2014 agreement between the Prime Ministers of India and Nepal to address outstanding boundary issues in Kalapani and Susta. 
• In response, Nepal's parliament passed a Constitutional Amendment Bill to incorporate Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura into its map, leading to a breakdown in communication between the two countries. 
• India rejected Nepal's updated map, calling it "artificial," "unilateral," and "unacceptable," and urged Nepal to return to dialogue.

News Summary

• The Government of Nepal has decided to issue a new Rs-100 currency note depicting areas like Lipulekh, Kalapani, and Limpiyadhura, which are under Indian control. 
• This decision, made at a cabinet meeting chaired by Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal 'Prachanda,' drew a sharp response from India. 
• External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar stated that Nepal's move would not alter the situation or the ground reality. 
• The decision will be forwarded to Rastra Bank, Nepal's central bank, which may take up to a year to print the new note. 
• The central bank will issue tenders for printing quality notes. 
• However, the decision has not garnered full support from local political stakeholders, with some former diplomats and central bank governors deeming it "unwise" and "provocative."

Way Forward

• Given the historical and cultural ties between India and Nepal, India should prioritize resolving this matter. 
• With ongoing border disputes with China in Ladakh, India must engage in dialogue with Nepal promptly to end the dispute. 
• Since free movement of people is allowed between the two countries, Nepal holds strategic significance for India. 
• India's sizable Nepali diaspora significantly contributes to Nepal's economy.
• Therefore, it is in the best interest of both countries to resolve the boundary dispute diplomatically.

Source: IE

In News: A recent article highlights that while India's global influence is on the rise, its sway in South Asia is diminishing, posing a considerable challenge to its ambitions as a central player in international politics.

Factors Leading to India’s Global Rise

• Economic Boom
  • The World Bank projects India's output growth to reach 7.5% in FY24, driven by robust activity in services and industry.
  • This economic strength enhances India's global influence, exemplified by companies like Tata Consultancy Services with significant global presence.
  • A strong economy attracts higher investments as well.
• Strategic Partnerships and Alliances
  • India has actively cultivated strategic partnerships, including the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad), countering China's influence in the Indo-Pacific.
  • Participation in multilateral forums like BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has bolstered India's global standing.
• Rising Military Capabilities
  • India's continuous modernization and strengthening of its military, exemplified by projects like INS Sahyadri and LCA Tejas, bolster its regional and global influence.
  • Defense diplomacy efforts, such as delivering BrahMos Missiles to the Philippines, enhance India's military outreach.
• Strategic Autonomy
  • India's strategy of non-alignment and reformed multilateralism reflects its commitment to strategic autonomy, illustrated by diplomatic stances on global issues.
  • The "India First Policy" prioritizes strategic interests, as seen in purchasing Russian crude oil despite Western concerns.
• Technological Prowess
  • Advancements in technology, particularly in IT, space exploration, and renewable energy, contribute significantly to India's global ascent.
  • Achievements like Chandrayaan-3 and leadership in the International Solar Alliance demonstrate India's technological capabilities.
• Soft Power and Cultural Influence
  • India's rich cultural heritage, democratic values, and diaspora contribute to its soft power globally.
  • Indian cinema, cuisine, yoga, and spirituality have found widespread appeal, enhancing India's cultural influence.

Main Challenges India faces with its Neighboring Countries

• Pakistan
  • Tensions persist over the Kashmir dispute and cross-border terrorism.
  • Disagreements over the Indus Water Treaty and water-sharing remain unresolved.
• China
  • Long-standing border disputes, including recent tensions over the Line of Actual Control (LAC), impact India-China relations.
  • China's growing influence, demonstrated through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative, poses challenges to India.
• Maldives
  • Concerns arise over "India Out" campaigns and growing Chinese influence in the Maldives, straining bilateral relations.
• Bangladesh
  • Disputes over river treaties and illegal migration issues strain India-Bangladesh relations.
• Sri Lanka
  • Tensions exist over issues like ownership of Katchatheevu Island and concerns about Chinese influence.
• Nepal
  • Boundary disputes and recent contentious actions, like printing new currency notes depicting Indian territories, impact India-Nepal relations.

Steps India can Take to Enhance its Regional Relationships

• Development-Centric Diplomacy
  • India should prioritize collaborative development projects addressing specific needs in neighboring countries.
• Cooperative Security
  • Promoting cooperative security measures, such as joint counter-terrorism exercises and disaster response teams, can enhance regional stability.
• Focusing on Regional Blocs
  • India can strengthen relationships with sub-regional blocs like BIMSTEC or SAARC to foster wider regional influence.
• Revitalizing Neighbourhood First Policy
  • India must reinvigorate its Neighbourhood First policy, prioritizing inclusive development projects and transparent communication.
• South Asia at Heart of Global South
  • Showcasing South Asia as pivotal in global summits can enhance India's influence and cooperation within the region.

Source: TH

In News: The US and Australia have argued that India has exceeded the permissible limits for sugarcane subsidies outlined in the WTO’s Agreement on Agriculture (AoA), potentially distorting global trade.

Understanding WTO’s Agreement on Agriculture (AoA)

• Overview of AoA
• The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) is an international treaty within the World Trade Organisation (WTO), established during the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 
• It came into effect on January 1, 1995.
• Classification of Subsidies
• The AoA categorizes subsidies into three "boxes" based on their impact on production and trade: Amber, Blue, and Green.
• Amber subsidies, directly linked to production levels, are subject to reduction, while Green subsidies are exempt from reduction commitments but must adhere to certain criteria.
• Pillars of AoA
• Domestic Support: Divided into trade-distorting and non-trade-distorting categories, allowing significant spending by developed countries, leading to concerns about market distortion.
• Market Access: Involves tariff reductions for developed and developing countries, with exemptions for least developed countries (LDCs) and conditions for others to bind tariffs.
• Export Subsidies: Requires reduction targets for developed and developing countries over specified timeframes.

Criticism of AoA

• Civil society groups criticize AoA for reducing tariff protections for small farmers in developing countries while permitting continued subsidies by developed nations.
• NGOs argue that categorizing subsidies into trade-distorting and non-trade-distorting boxes allows developed countries to increase non-trade-distorting subsidies while pressuring others to reduce trade-distorting support.

Concerns about India’s Sugarcane Subsidies

• A US-Australia report alleges that India's sugar subsidies exceeded permissible levels, citing the WTO's methodology.
• India contests this, stating that its Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) and State-Advised Prices (SAPs) do not constitute market price support under AoA.
• India's appeal against the WTO panel report of 2021 has prevented its adoption due to the non-functionality of the Appellate Body.

India’s Stand on Sugarcane Subsidies

• India sets the FRP for sugarcane each season, supplemented by premiums for efficiency and State-Advised Prices.
• India disputes the characterization of these measures as market price support under the AoA.

Impact of Non-Functional Appellate Body

The non-functionality of the WTO's Appellate Body has stalled decisions on appeals, including India's appeal against the WTO panel report.

Source: BL

In News: India will officially communicate to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) its intentions to construct a new research station in Antarctica.

Understanding the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting and India's Engagement

• The Role of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM)
  
  • The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting plays a pivotal role in global efforts to safeguard Antarctica's delicate ecosystem and advance scientific research in the region. 
  • Held annually under the Antarctic Treaty System, these meetings provide a platform for Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties and other stakeholders to address environmental, scientific, and governance challenges in Antarctica.
• The Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP)
  
  • Established in 1991 under the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the Madrid Protocol), the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) advises the ATCM on matters related to environmental protection and conservation in Antarctica.
• Key Facts about the Antarctic Treaty
  
  • Signed in 1959 and enforced in 1961, the Antarctic Treaty designates Antarctica as a region devoted to peaceful purposes, scientific collaboration, and environmental preservation. Currently, 56 countries are party to the Treaty.
  • The Treaty enshrines principles such as the peaceful use of Antarctica, freedom of scientific inquiry, and the exchange of scientific findings from the region.
• India's Engagement with the Antarctic Treaty
  • India became a Consultative Party to the Antarctic Treaty in 1983, participating in decision-making alongside 28 other Consultative Parties.
  • India's involvement in Antarctic research dates back to the establishment of its first research station, Dakshin Gangotri, in 1983. 
  • Presently, India operates two year-round research stations: Maitri (established in 1989) and Bharati (established in 2012).
  • Indian Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica have been conducted annually since 1981, facilitated by the country's permanent research stations.
  • In 2022, India reaffirmed its commitment to the Antarctic Treaty by enacting the Antarctic Act.
• The Role of the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat (ATS)
  • Established in 2004, the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat (ATS) serves as the administrative center for the Antarctic Treaty System.
  • The ATS coordinates ATCM and CEP meetings, manages information repositories, and facilitates diplomatic exchanges and negotiations related to Antarctic governance and management.

Source: IE

In News: Recently, India reaffirmed its unwavering commitment to the global fight against terrorism by contributing $500,000 to the UN Counter-Terrorism Trust Fund.

About The United Nations Counter-Terrorism Trust Fund

• The United Nations Counter-Terrorism Trust Fund was established in 2009 and transferred to the UN Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT) in 2017.
• It accepts contributions from Governments, inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations, private institutions, and individuals.
• Contributions may be unearmarked or earmarked for specific initiatives.
• India's contribution primarily supports UNOCT's global programmes.
• These programmes focus on Countering Financing of Terrorism (CFT) and the Countering Terrorist Travel Programme (CTTP).
• The aim is to strengthen the capacities of member states in eastern and southern Africa.
• The focus is on combating terrorism financing and preventing terrorist movement.

Functions

• Providing leadership on counter-terrorism mandates entrusted to the Secretary-General by the UN General Assembly.
• Enhancing coordination and coherence across Global Counter-Terrorism Coordination Compact entities to ensure balanced implementation of the four pillars of the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy.
• Strengthening the delivery of UN counter-terrorism capacity-building assistance to Member States.
• Improving visibility, advocacy, and resource mobilization for UN counter-terrorism efforts.
• Ensuring due priority is given to counterterrorism across the UN system and that efforts on preventing violent extremism are firmly rooted in the Strategy.

Source: TH

In News: Panama stands on the brink of a significant shift in its immigration policy, a change that has the potential to echo from the dense Darien jungle to the United States border.

Exploring Panama: A Land of Diversity and the Panama Canal

• Introduction:
  
  • Panama, situated in Central America on the Isthmus of Panama, serves as a pivotal link connecting North and South America. Bordered by Costa Rica and Colombia, it boasts a strategic location between the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean.
• Geographical Features:
  
  • Encompassing the isthmus and over 1,600 islands off its Atlantic and Pacific shores, Panama is famed for housing the Panama Canal, a vital waterway slicing through its midsection.
  • The country hosts the largest rainforest in the Western Hemisphere outside the Amazon Basin.
• Cultural Diversity:
  
  • The population of Panama comprises descendants of indigenous peoples, Europeans, Afro-Caribbeans, and immigrants from various corners of the globe.
• Key Information about the Panama Canal:
  
  • The Panama Canal is an engineered marvel, facilitating maritime passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across the Isthmus of Panama.
  • Among the world's most strategic artificial waterways, it spans approximately 80 kilometers in length.
  • Constructed by the United States between 1904 and 1914, the canal officially opened on August 15, 1914.
  • Since 1999, the Republic of Panama has owned and administered the canal, following its transfer from the United States.
  • The canal features a series of locks that regulate water levels, enabling ships to traverse the continental divide with ease.

Source: TH

In News: The recent report by Australia's Joint Standing Committee on Trade and Investment Growth alleging child labor has been strongly denied by the Indian Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

Allegations Made by the Australian Panel:

• The Australian committee's report, based on claims by the Community and Public Sector Union (CPSU) and the State Public Services Federation (SPSF Group), expressed concerns about child and forced labor practices in India.
• The report recommended that the Australian Government incorporate human rights, labor, and environmental chapters in its trade agreements, aligning with conventions and declarations signed by Australia.

Facts Supporting Australia’s Claim:

• According to the 2023 Global Slavery Index estimates by Walk Free, an international human rights group, there were 11 million people living in modern slavery in India in 2021, the highest globally.
• Census 2011 data indicates that out of the total child population (5-14 years) of 259.6 million in India, 10.1 million (3.9%) are engaged in work, while over 42.7 million children are out of school.

India’s Response:

• Child Labour Prohibition: The Indian government refuted the allegations, emphasizing that existing regulations prohibit child and bonded labor.
• Constitutional Protections: India's Constitution safeguards labor rights and authorizes both central and state governments to enact laws such as the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976, to protect workers' rights.
• Strict Licensing and Compliance: All businesses in India must adhere to labor welfare laws prescribed by both union and state governments and are licensed by local governing bodies.
• Comprehensive Records: Processing units maintain detailed records regarding processing, quality checks, employee training, and compliance with regulations.

India’s Legal Framework on Child Labour and Forced Labour:

• Constitutional Rights:
  
  • Article 23 prohibits trafficking in human beings and forced labor, ensuring protection against exploitation and degrading work conditions.
  • Article 24 prohibits the employment of children under 14 in factories, mines, or hazardous occupations, aiming to safeguard children's health, development, and access to education.
  • Article 39 outlines principles for ensuring equal livelihood rights, protection of workers' health, and children's well-being.
• Legislations Against Child Labour:
  
  • Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act, 1986, bans employing children under 14 in all work, with exceptions for family businesses and non-hazardous work.
  • Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, considers working children as "in need of care and protection."
• Legislations Against Forced Labour:
  
  • Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976, criminalizes bonded labor and provides for the release and rehabilitation of bonded laborers.
  • Central Sector Scheme for Rehabilitation of Bonded Labourer, 2021, offers financial assistance for the rehabilitation of freed bonded laborers.

Source: IE

In News: SBI has declared its status as the inaugural trading-cum-clearing member of the India International Bullion Exchange (IIBX).

Introduction to India International Bullion Exchange (IIBX) and IFSCA

About India International Bullion Exchange (IIBX):

• Positioned as India's inaugural International Bullion Exchange, the IIBX operates from GIFT City (Gujarat International Finance Tech City) IFSC in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
• Its vision is to serve as a conduit for importing bullion into India and fostering a world-class bullion exchange ecosystem, promoting trading, investment in bullion financial products, and offering vaulting facilities within IFSCs.
• Aims to facilitate Transparent Price Discovery, Responsible sourcing, and supply chain integrity, alongside Quality Assurance and Standardization.
• Regulated by the International Financial Services Centers Authority (IFSCA), which is responsible for developing and regulating financial products, services, and institutions within IFSCs.
• Offers diversified products and technology at competitive costs compared to Indian exchanges and global counterparts in Hong Kong, Singapore, Dubai, London, and New York.

What is Bullion?

• Bullion denotes physical gold and silver of high purity, typically stored in the form of bars, ingots, or coins.
• Often recognized as legal tender and held as reserves by central banks or institutional investors.

Key Facts about International Financial Services Centers Authority (IFSCA):

• Established as a statutory authority under the International Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019 (“IFSCA Act”).
• Mandated to develop and regulate financial products, services, and institutions within International Financial Services Centres (IFSCs).
• Aims to foster global connections, address Indian economy needs, and serve as an international financial platform for the region.
• Predecessors to IFSCA included domestic financial regulators such as RBI, SEBI, PFRDA, and IRDAI, which regulated IFSC businesses.
• GIFT-IFSC stands as India's premier IFSC, marking the inception of IFSCA's regulatory authority.

Source: TOI

In News: The 2024 World Wildlife Crime Report by UNODC revealed that the rhinoceros and cedar were the animal and plant species most impacted by illegal wildlife trade globally between 2015 and 2021.

Functions and Overview of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

• Overview of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC):
  
  • The UNODC is globally recognized for its efforts in combating illicit drugs, international crime, and terrorism, with origins dating back to 1997 when it was formed through the amalgamation of the United Nations Drug Control Programme and the Centre for International Crime Prevention.
• Functions of UNODC:
  
  • Education on Drug Abuse: UNODC plays a crucial role in raising awareness worldwide about the dangers associated with drug abuse.
  • Strengthening Action Against Illicit Drugs: It works to enhance international efforts to combat the production, trafficking, and crime related to illicit drugs.
  • Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Reform: UNODC focuses on improving crime prevention strategies and supporting reforms in criminal justice systems to bolster the rule of law, foster stable criminal justice structures, and counter the escalating threats posed by transnational organized crime and corruption.
  • Terrorism Prevention: With an expanded mandate since 2002, the Terrorism Prevention Branch of UNODC assists member states in ratifying and implementing eighteen universal legal instruments against terrorism, upon request.
  • Funding Mechanism: The UNODC primarily relies on voluntary contributions, predominantly from governments, to carry out its diverse range of activities.
• World Wildlife Crime Report:
  
  • The World Wildlife Crime Report, now in its third edition published in 2024, investigates patterns in the illegal trafficking of protected wildlife species.
  • It conducts systematic analyses of the harms and impacts of wildlife crime, identifies the driving factors behind wildlife trafficking trends, and assesses the effectiveness of various intervention methods employed to address this issue.

Source: DTE

In News: India and Iran have recently inked a significant 10-year agreement aimed at the development and management of the Chabahar port. This milestone represents a crucial advancement in the bilateral relationship between the two countries.

Overview of Chabahar Port Project

• Chabahar Port is situated in Iran’s Sistan-Baluchistan province, positioned at the Gulf of Oman's mouth within the Strait of Hormuz.
• It serves as Iran's sole port directly connected to the Indian Ocean and comprises two sections known as Shahid Beheshti and Shahid Kalantari.
• Geographically proximate to nations like Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India, the port stands as a pivotal transit center on the emerging International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC).
• The INSTC is a multimodal route linking the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea through Iran, further extending to northern Europe via Saint Petersburg, Russia.
• Chabahar Port's strategic location positions it to evolve into a significant commercial center in the region.
• Distances from Chabahar to Kandla port in Gujarat stand at 550 Nautical Miles, while the distance to Mumbai is 786 Nautical Miles.
• In May 2016, India entered a trilateral agreement with Iran and Afghanistan to develop the Shahid Beheshti Terminal at Chabahar, marking India's inaugural foreign port venture.
• The agreement aims to establish an international transport and transit corridor centered around Chabahar.
• Key components of the project include the construction of Chabahar Port and a rail line extending from the port to Zahedan.
• The project's vision is to provide India with a route bypassing Pakistan to access Afghanistan and, ultimately, Central Asia.
• Additionally, the port is envisioned to facilitate transit trade between India, Iran, and Afghanistan, offering an alternative route to the traditional Silk Road through China.

Source: IT

In News: India and Iran have recently entered into a decade-long agreement for the operation of the Chabahar port in Iran.

Importance of Chabahar Port for India

• Overview
• Chabahar Port stands as Iran's sole oceanic port, situated in the Sistan and Baluchistan Province along the Makran coast, within the Gulf of Oman.
• Comprising two primary ports, namely Shahid Kalantari and Shahid Beheshti, it offers strategic maritime access.
• Progress and Updates
• In May 2015, India signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) for Chabahar Port development.
• A trilateral agreement between India, Iran, and Afghanistan in May 2016 established the International Transport and Transit Corridor, enhancing regional connectivity.
• However, finalizing a long-term agreement faced delays, primarily due to disputes over arbitration venues.

Significance of Chabahar Port

• Alternative Trade Route
• It provides India with an alternate route bypassing Pakistan, enhancing trade connections with Afghanistan and beyond.
• Facilitates access to the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), linking India, Iran, Russia, and Europe.
• Economic Benefits
• Enhances India's trade opportunities with resource-rich Central Asian nations and Afghanistan.
• Expected cost and time savings of 30% and 40%, respectively, through the INSTC route.
• Interest from Central Asian countries like Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan in leveraging Chabahar for market access.
• Humanitarian Assistance
• Serves as a critical entry point for humanitarian aid, notably during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Facilitated the trans-shipment of essential goods from India to Afghanistan.
• Strategic Influence and Regional Stability
• Strengthens India's strategic position in the Indian Ocean region, countering China's Gwadar port development in Pakistan.
• Enhances maritime security and serves as a deterrent against sea piracy.

Challenges in Realizing Chabahar Port's Potential

• US-Iran Relations
  • US sanctions pose risks to India's involvement in Chabahar development.
• Regional Security Concerns
  • Instability in Afghanistan and tensions with neighboring countries affect trade relations.
• Competition and Infrastructure Needs
  
  • Competition from other transport corridors and infrastructure development requirements pose challenges.

Status of India-Iran Economic Ties

• Bilateral trade during FY 2022-23 stood at USD 2.33 billion, with a focus on agricultural and petroleum-related products.
• FDI inflows from Iran to India remain modest, and Indian oil imports from Iran ceased due to US sanctions.

Source: TH

In News: For the first time, an Indian delegation recently visited the UAE to engage in discussions with key entities regarding the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC).

Overview of India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC)

• Formation and Significance
• Announced during the G20 meeting in New Delhi, the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC) was established through a memorandum of understanding signed by the European Union and seven countries, including India, the US, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), France, Germany, and Italy.
• Objectives and Benefits
• IMEEC aims to create a reliable and cost-effective cross-border ship-to-rail transit network, complementing existing maritime routes.
• Its goals include enhancing efficiency, reducing costs, securing regional supply chains, increasing trade accessibility, fostering economic cooperation, generating employment opportunities, and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.
• Corridor Structure
• The corridor is structured into two distinct corridors: the east corridor linking India to the Gulf region, and the northern corridor connecting the Gulf to Europe.
• Key components include a shipping route connecting Mumbai and Mundra in Gujarat to the UAE, alongside a rail network linking the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan to the Israeli port of Haifa, facilitating access to the Mediterranean Sea.
• Connectivity and Expansion
• Haifa will serve as a pivotal point, connected by sea to the port of Piraeus in Greece, enabling further linkage to Europe.
• Additionally, the corridor will incorporate undersea cables to facilitate data exchange and long-distance hydrogen pipelines to advance climate and decarbonization objectives for all participating nations.

Source: News18

In News: British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak is contemplating alterations to the Graduate Route visa (GRV) scheme, with a proposal to restrict visas exclusively to high-achieving students. The proposed change is intended to diminish the influx of international students to the UK.

Popularity of the UK as a Study Destination Among Indians

• Overview of Indian Student Presence in the UK
  
  • Indians represent the largest community of international students in the UK.
  • Recent data indicates a substantial surge in student visas granted to Indians.
• Statistics on Student Visas
  • According to the UK Home Office, student visas issued to Indians surged by 54% between June 2022 and June 2023.
  • Since June 2019, the number of visas granted to Indian nationals has escalated seven-fold.
• Understanding the Graduate Route Visa (GRV) Scheme
  • Introduced by the UK government in July 2021, the GRV scheme is tailored for international students.
  • It permits graduates who have completed a degree at a UK higher education provider to stay in the UK for work or job hunting for up to two years post their studies.
  • Those completing a PhD can extend their stay for up to three years.
  • Notably, this visa does not mandate a job offer, offering graduates a chance to garner work experience in the UK.
• Eligibility Criteria for GRV
  
  • The GRV is accessible to international students who have accomplished a degree at the undergraduate level or above at a Higher Education Provider with a compliant track record.
  • Applicants must hold a valid Tier 4 or Student visa at the time of application.
• Motivations for Indian Students Seeking GRVs
  • GRVs extend the stay in the UK post-education, facilitating employment opportunities and earning prospects.
  • It serves as a pathway for settlement, particularly appealing to students from regions like Punjab.
  • The GRV's allowance for family accompaniment under certain conditions adds to its popularity.
• Potential Impact of Restricting the GRV Scheme
  
  • Experts foresee a decline in international student interest in studying in the UK if GRVs are restricted, owing to uncertainties regarding post-graduation prospects.
  • Limiting GRVs to the best-performing students could impede the prospects of average students.
  • The continuation of the GRV scheme is advocated as it aids UK universities in compensating for financial losses on the domestic front, as per an independent Migration Advisory Committee (MAC) study.
  • Any curtailment of post-study opportunities could diminish the UK's appeal to overseas students, including Indians, positioning other countries like Canada and Australia as more stable options post-education.
  • Considering Indians constitute a substantial portion of GRV holders, any alterations to the UK's GRV scheme would notably affect them.

Source: IE

In News: Following a helicopter crash in Iran's northwest, President Ebrahim Raisi, the country's foreign minister, and multiple officials were discovered deceased. 

Authority of the President in Iran

• Role of the President
• The President of Iran operates under the authority of the Supreme Leader but holds significant power within the country's political system.
• They play a crucial role in the functioning of the nation, acting as a mediator between the legislature and the executive branches.
• The President appoints ministers and vice presidents and makes important decisions regarding foreign policy, as demonstrated during negotiations such as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA).
• Major Achievements of President Ibrahim Raisi
• Notable accomplishments of President Raisi include brokering the Iran-Saudi deal facilitated by China and advocating for the 'Axis of Resistance', an informal coalition of various regional groups.

Ramifications of Raisi’s Death in Iran

• Raisi's passing is anticipated to intensify the ongoing struggle between conservative and reformist factions within Iranian politics.
• Given Raisi's status as a hardline cleric and potential successor to the Supreme Leader, his death creates a significant leadership vacuum.

On Succession

• As per Iran's Constitution, the First Vice President assumes office in the event of the President's death or incapacitation.
• Mohammad Mokhber, appointed by President Raisi, currently holds this position and will serve as Acting President until a new election is conducted within 50 days.

India’s Concerns

• India, considering Iran as part of its extended neighborhood, closely monitors developments in the region, particularly concerning Iran's relationship with Israel and its involvement with regional groups like Hezbollah, Houthis, and Hamas.

Iran’s Response after Raisi’s Death

• Iran's reaction following President Raisi's death, including its stance on international matters and support for regional groups, will be of interest to India, given its proximity to Israel and its engagement with Iran on various fronts.

India-Iran Relations

• Despite challenges such as India's proximity to the US and Iran's nuclear program, both countries have historically maintained diplomatic ties and engaged in significant agreements, including those related to the Chabahar Port and mutual cooperation in various sectors.

India’s Response to President’s Death

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressed condolences over President Raisi's demise, and India observed a one-day state mourning on May 21 as a mark of respect.

Source: IE

In News: The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) requested arrest warrants against leaders of Hamas and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel regarding the October 7, 2023 attacks on Israel and the subsequent war in Palestine.

What is the International Criminal Court (ICC)?

• Background
  • The ICC is a permanent court established to prosecute serious international crimes committed by individuals, including genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and aggression.
  • It aims to combat global impunity and ensure accountability under international law, regardless of the perpetrator's rank or status.
• HQ
  
  • The ICC is headquartered in The Hague, The Netherlands.
• Statute
  • Before becoming functional in 2002, the ICC's founding treaty, the Rome Statute, was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1998 in Rome, Italy.
• Membership
  • To become a member of the ICC, countries must sign and ratify the Rome Statute under their respective legislatures.
  • Currently, 124 countries are members of the ICC, with African countries comprising the largest bloc. Armenia joined the ICC in February 2024.
  • Some notable countries, such as India, China, Iraq, North Korea, and Turkey, have never signed the Rome Statute, while others, including the US, Russia, Israel, and Syria, signed but never ratified it.

Functioning of the ICC

• Judges & Prosecutors
• The ICC conducts investigations through the Office of the Prosecutor and has 18 judges, each serving non-renewable nine-year terms.
• Process
• The ICC operates through pre-trial, trial, and appellate benches.
• The prosecutor conducts preliminary examinations before seeking permission from pre-trial judges to open a full investigation, ensuring the crimes meet a certain gravity threshold.
• Ways to Open Investigations
• Investigations can be initiated when a case is referred by a member country, by the UN Security Council, or by the prosecutor proprio motu.
• Non-member states can also be investigated under certain conditions, such as alleged crimes committed on member states' territory or with their consent
• Jurisdiction over Israel
• Despite not being a party to the Rome Statute, the ICC has jurisdiction over crimes committed by nationals of both State Parties and non-state Parties, such as Israel, on the territory of a State Party, such as Palestine.
• Palestine's membership in the Rome Treaty and the ICC's decision in February 2021 extended its jurisdiction over Palestine, including Gaza and the West Bank, thereby extending to Israel.