Accountability is necessary in a democratic society to ensure that those in positions of power are held responsible for their actions and decisions. It helps prevent corruption and abuse of power, promotes transparency and fairness, and builds public trust and confidence in government institutions.

Without accountability, public officials may act in their own self-interest or in the interest of a particular group or organization, rather than in the best interest of the public. This can lead to a lack of transparency, ineffective policies, and a loss of trust in government institutions.

Horizontal and vertical ways of ensuring accountability are two different approaches to promoting transparency and accountability in governance.

Horizontal accountability refers to the system of checks and balances among different branches or levels of government. It involves creating mechanisms to prevent any one branch or level of government from becoming too powerful and abusing its authority. Examples of horizontal accountability include the separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, as well as the use of independent oversight bodies such as anti-corruption commissions or parliamentary committees.

Vertical accountability, on the other hand, refers to the accountability of government officials to citizens and civil society organizations. It involves creating mechanisms for citizens to hold public officials accountable for their actions or inactions, including the use of electoral processes, public participation, and access to information laws. Examples of vertical accountability include citizen engagement in policy-making, citizen feedback mechanisms, and public oversight of government programs.

Both horizontal and vertical accountability are important in ensuring good governance and preventing corruption and abuse of power. Horizontal accountability helps ensure that the different branches of government are held in check, while vertical accountability ensures that public officials remain responsive to the needs and interests of citizens. Together, these two approaches create a system of checks and balances that promote transparency, accountability, and democratic governance.

In the context of India, both horizontal and vertical accountability are important for promoting transparency, accountability, and democratic governance.

Horizontal accountability is ensured through the separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. The judiciary in India is independent and has the power to strike down laws or government actions that are unconstitutional. The legislature is responsible for making laws and holding the executive accountable through various mechanisms such as question hour and parliamentary committees. The executive, on the other hand, is responsible for implementing policies and programs and is accountable to the legislature and judiciary.

Vertical accountability in India is promoted through various mechanisms such as the Right to Information Act, 2005, which provides citizens with the right to access information from public authorities. Additionally, there are various civil society organizations and watchdogs such as the National Campaign for People’s Right to Information (NCPRI), which work towards promoting transparency and accountability in government. Citizens can also hold public officials accountable through electoral processes, public protests, and social media activism.

In addition to horizontal and vertical accountability, India has several institutions that help ensure accountability, including the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC), the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), and the Lokpal and Lokayuktas. These institutions are responsible for investigating corruption and other forms of malfeasance by public officials and promoting transparency and accountability in governance.