Geographical Factors 

India is a diverse country with varying topography, climate, and natural resources. This has led to the development of regional identities, such as the people of the Northeast or the people of the Himalayan regions. 

Historical Factors 

The history of India is marked by invasions, migrations, and assimilation of different cultures. This has led to the formation of distinct regional cultures and identities, such as the Maratha culture in Maharashtra or the Dravidian culture in Tamil Nadu. 

• During the ancient phase of Indian history, regional kingdoms such as the Cholas and Pandyas in South India and Satavahanas in Andhra had significant rule over the country. 
• In medieval India, kings belonging to various religions ruled the country, and smaller provinces had their own governors with their own autonomy and culture. Examples include the Rajputs and Marathas. 
• During British rule in India, the policy of "divide and rule" encouraged regional differences, with autonomy and concessions granted to numerous princely states. The British also instigated wars between different regions and kingdoms, such as the Carnatic wars. 
• Historical and cultural factors play a significant role in interpreting regionalism in India, as they involve cultural heritage, folklore, myths, symbolism, and ancient traditions. Examples of regional parties that draw inspiration from these factors include Dravida Kazhagam (DK) and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in Tamil Nadu, Shiv Sena in Maharashtra, and Telugu Desham (TDP) in Andhra Pradesh. 
• People belonging to a particular cultural group often derive inspiration from the noble deeds and achievements of local heroes. However, sudden political and economic realities can also be covered under the umbrella of historical and cultural factors. 

Scarcity of Resources 

The uneven distribution of resources such as water, land, and minerals has created economic disparities and regional imbalances. This has led to conflicts over resources, such as the Cauvery river water dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. 

Economic Factors 

The economic policies of the government have also contributed to regionalism. For example, the concentration of industries and development in certain regions has led to neglect and underdevelopment in other regions, such as the backwardness of the Northeastern states. 

Regionalism and separatism in contemporary India are largely attributed to the uneven economic development across different parts of the country. Economic policies have resulted in significant regional imbalances and economic disparities among various regions, leading to discontentment among the affected people.  

Some regions of India have become more developed, with a concentration of industries and factories, well-provided educational and health facilities, developed communication networks, and rapid agricultural growth. The lack of development in other regions, on the other hand, has resulted in the formation of states like Jharkhand and Telangana, where people sought greater autonomy and control over their economic resources. However, there are still many areas in the country where the benefits of independence are yet to be fully realized in terms of socio-economic development. 

Cultural & Religious Factor 

The diversity of India's cultural and religious traditions has also contributed to the development of regional identities, such as the Bengali culture in West Bengal or the Sikh culture in Punjab. 

It is apparent that Southern India, which is composed of several sub-regions, with its Dravidian cultures, differs from the other regions such as the north, west, central, and northeast. Even the eastern part of India is distinct from the northeastern part, which comprises seven constituent units of the Indian federation and has the highest concentration of tribal people. 

The historical traditions of the past have played a significant role in regionalism, with local people revering historical leaders from their regions. For example, Shivaji in Maharashtra, Maha Rana Pratap in Rajasthan, and Lachit Borphukan in Assam are highly respected by the local people. 

Political-Administrative Factors 

The centralized nature of Indian politics and administration has led to neglect and marginalization of certain regions, leading to demands for greater autonomy and decentralization of power. For example, demands for statehood and autonomy by the people of Telangana, and Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir. 

Regional political parties and local leaders take advantage of regional sentiments and deprivation to strengthen their political support. They utilize regional issues in their election manifestos and promise political and regional development. For example, the TDP in Andhra Pradesh, DMK in Tamil Nadu, and Akali Dal in Punjab are known for exploiting regional sentiments to garner support from their respective regions. 

Ethnic Factors  

The existence of diverse ethnic groups in India has led to conflicts and demands for separate identities and political representation. For instance, the demand for a separate state of Bodoland by the Bodo tribe in Assam or the demand for a separate state of Gorkhaland by the Gorkhas in West Bengal. 

Caste and Region 

Regionalism in Indian society is not solely driven by the caste system or religion, but rather a combination of factors. Caste may play a role in causing regionalism when combined with linguistic dominance or when certain castes are economically disadvantaged. Similarly, religion may only contribute to regionalism when combined with linguistic homogeneity or dogmatism, orthodoxy, or economic deprivation. 

Regionalism is typically a secular phenomenon, and it may not necessarily be linked to caste or religious affiliations. The demand for Pakistan was driven by differences based on religion. Similarly, the Sikh demand for an independent country of Khalistan in the 1980s was based on religious identity. 

Moreover, economic factors such as lack of development or scarcity of resources can also contribute to regionalism. For example, the formation of states like Jharkhand and Telangana was based on the issue of underdevelopment and lack of economic opportunities in these regions. 

Linguistic factors 

India, being a diverse country, has 22 official languages recognized by the constitution. However, there are around 1600+ mother tongues in India. The mother tongue of an individual creates a profound attachment to their language, and hence, their identity also develops. For instance, the change of names from Bombay to Mumbai, Bangalore to Bengaluru, and Madras to Chennai shows the affinity of people towards their language. 

The constitution envisaged Hindi to be promoted as a "Lingua Franca," but this has faced widespread resistance from non-Hindi speaking states. For example, the Anti-Hindi agitations in southern states demonstrate the linguistic tensions that exist in India. 

Scarcity of resources 

Competition for resources shared by two or more regions can fuel regional aspirations due to scarcity. The Cauvery water dispute is an example of such competition between regions.