1. Formation and Core Areas

Emergence: The Gauda Kingdom originated in the late 6th century CE in eastern India, resulting from the political fragmentation of the Gupta Empire (3rd-6th century CE).

Geographical Core: The kingdom's heartland encompassed present-day Bengal in India and the northern regions of Bangladesh.

Capital: Karnasuvarna, located near modern-day Murshidabad city, served as the kingdom's capital.

2. King Shashanka's Reign (Late 6th century CE - 637 CE)

Rise to Power: Shashanka, the sole known ruler of the Gauda Kingdom, overthrew the Later Gupta king Mahasenagupta, marking the kingdom's independence in the 7th century CE.

Alliance with Devagupta: Shashanka strategically allied with Devagupta, the son of Mahasenagupta, and together, they confronted the rising power of the Maukharis.

Role in Harshavardhana Saga: Banabhatta's Harshacharita narrates Shashanka's role in causing mayhem in the life of Harsha, depicting him as a warlike monarch involved in strategic maneuvers and alliances.

Alleged Stratagem: Banabhatta's account suggests that Shashanka played a role in the death of Rajyavardhana, Harsha's brother, through a stratagem. The authenticity of this narrative is debated among historians.

3. Extent of the Kingdom

Shashanka's Inscriptions: Shashanka's inscriptions dated 619/20 CE describe him as the "Lord of Great Kings," ruling over vast territories surrounded by the four oceans.

Hiuen Tsang's Account: The Chinese Buddhist monk-scholar Hiuen Tsang designates Shashanka as the king of Karnasuvarna, highlighting the kingdom's reach during this period.

Territories: Shashanka's kingdom incorporated regions like Magadha and Ganjam in present-day Odisha.

4. Government and Religion

Administrative Continuity: The Gauda Kingdom maintained the administrative style of the Gupta Empire, with divisions like bhuktis and district officers continuing along existing lines.

Hinduism Promotion: Shashanka actively championed Hinduism, as evidenced by his coins depicting Hindu deities such as Shiva and Lakshmi.

5. Military Organization

Arms and Attire: Soldiers wore distinctive attire, including loose or tied-back hair, skull caps, tunics, crossed belts, and simple turbans. The military utilized various weapons, shields, and included elephants, cavalry, and infantry.

6. Post-Shashanka Era

Debasement of Coinage: The constant state of anarchy and war under Shashanka's successors led to debased metal content in coins, reflecting economic challenges.

Successors' Weakness: Subsequent leaders of Gauda, post-Shashanka, were weak and insignificant, with little mention in historical sources.

Invader Targets: Gauda became a routine target for invaders, including Yashovarman, the Kanyakubja king, who claimed to have defeated Gauda chieftains in the 8th century CE.

Rise of Pala Dynasty: The anarchy led to the election of Gopala as king in 750 CE, marking the beginning of the Pala dynasty (8th-12th century CE) and a new phase for Gauda.