India's experience with manufacturing, particularly during the planning era in the 1950s, was marked by initial emphasis and investment in the sector. However, several challenges and impediments hindered the sustained growth of the manufacturing sector. Here are key challenges faced by India in the manufacturing domain:

1. Regulatory Hurdles and License-Permit Raj:
• The Industries Development and Regulation Act 1951 (IDRA) and other regulations led to the establishment of a license-permit raj, discouraging entrepreneurial initiatives and dampening the private sector's growth.
2. Monopolistic Practices:
• The Monopolistic and Restrictive Trade Practice under the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act of 1969 suppressed large-scale production and hindered industrial growth.
3. Population Pressure on Land:
• India, with 17% of the world's population, faces significant pressure on land due to its vast population density, making land acquisition challenging for industrial and infrastructural projects.
4. Rehabilitation and Resettlement Challenges:
• The implementation of the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy for major projects faced difficulties, making land acquisition more complex in a democratic setting.
5. Limited Opening to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
• India's reluctance to open up to FDI limited competition and productivity in the manufacturing sector.
6. Neglect of Human Capital Development:
• Neglect of primary and secondary education, as well as healthcare, resulted in insufficient human capital for sustained manufacturing growth.
7. Infrastructure Bottlenecks:
• Challenges in power, roads, telecom, and other infrastructure acted as limitations for industrial growth.
8. Favorable Terms for MSMEs and Moral Hazard:
• Reservation for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) with favourable terms led to a moral hazard, as these entities developed a vested interest in not scaling up.
9. Rigid Labor Laws:
• Rigid labour laws deterred investment, hindered competition, and negatively impacted the growth of the labour-intensive manufacturing sector.
10. Lack of Tax on Services:
• The absence of taxes on services redirected investment toward the services sector.
11. Ease of Doing Business:
• Challenges in ease of doing business hampered investment and industrial growth, although India's position has improved over time.
12. Neglect of Manufacturing in Favor of Services:
• Over the last two decades, the services sector gained prominence globally, leading to a neglect of the manufacturing sector, which became further marginalized.
13. Competition from China:
• The rise of China as a global industrial powerhouse posed a challenge for Indian manufacturing, with Chinese imports impacting local manufacturing and contributing to de-industrialization.

Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive reforms and strategic policies to revitalize and promote sustainable growth in the manufacturing sector.

Services Sector-led Growth in India:

The services sector has emerged as a dominant force in India's economy, contributing significantly to GDP, attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), and compensating for merchandise trade deficits. The growth of the services sector in India is distinctive, deviating from the classical historical pattern observed in developed economies.

Key Points:

1. Dominance in GDP Contribution:
• The services sector contributes approximately 55% to India's GDP, surpassing the manufacturing sector. This dominance signifies a departure from the historical progression of agriculture to industry to services.
2. FDI in the Services Sector:
• The services sector attracts more FDI than manufacturing, showcasing its global appeal and economic significance.
3. Export-Led Growth:
• Service exports play a crucial role in offsetting the trade deficit in merchandise. This has become particularly relevant in the era of globalization.
4. Deviation from Historical Growth Pattern:
• Unlike the historical development pattern where manufacturing followed agriculture, India opted to promote the services sector due to global opportunities and constraints in large-scale manufacturing.
5. Land Acquisition Challenges:
• Large-scale infrastructural projects like special economic zones (SEZs), power plants, and steel plants faced challenges in land acquisition, making manufacturing growth difficult.
6. Policy Favoritism Towards Services:
• Government policies in the 1990s favoured services over manufacturing, with services being lightly taxed compared to manufacturing until 1994.
7. Impact of Per Capita Income Growth:
• The rise in per capita income influenced the demand for improved services in education, health, transport, finance, advertising, telecom, and insurance.
8. Liberal Trade and Foreign Investment Policies:
• Since the early 1990s, services have benefitted from more liberal trade and foreign investment policies compared to manufacturing.
9. Technological and Globalization Drivers:
• Technology and globalization played a pivotal role in scaling up services through digitization. This growth extended to various sectors such as finance, telecom, retail, transportation, travel, tourism, media, and healthcare.
10. Job Creation and Ancillary Services:
• The services sector not only creates direct output and employment but also stimulates ancillary services, leading to additional job generation.
11. Multiplier Effect and Demand Generation:
• The rise in personal vehicle sales in the automobile industry created a multiplier effect, generating demand for transportation and logistics services.
12. Per Capita Income Implications:
• India's current per capita income, coupled with its demographic dividend, has significant implications for savings growth, consumption demand, and sustained demand for services.
13. Government Initiatives and Incentives:
• The Government of India (GOI) has introduced incentives in various sectors like healthcare, tourism, education, engineering, communications, information technology, banking, finance, and management to boost the service sector.
14. Digital Revolution Impact:
• The digital revolution, by lowering transaction costs and overcoming information asymmetry, has made services more dynamic, tradable, and scalable. Telemedicine, consultancy, and knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) exemplify the impact of the digital world on services.
15. Globalization of Services:
• The globalization of services provides new opportunities for India to specialize, scale up, and achieve high growth beyond manufacturing.

In conclusion, the services sector's growth in India, driven by technology, globalization, and government support, has reshaped the country's economic landscape, making it a key player in the global service-oriented economy.