Spread of the Movement, Extent of Mass Participation and Government Repression

• The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Movement or August Kranti, was a pivotal moment in India's struggle for independence. It was a call to action issued by Mahatma Gandhi during the Bombay session of the All-India Congress Committee on August 8, 1942, in Mumbai.
• As part of Mahatma Gandhi's Civil Disobedience Movement, the Quit India Movement aimed to bring an end to British colonial rule in India. Gandhi called upon the Indian people to engage in mass civil disobedience, nonviolent protests, and acts of resistance to demand the British "Quit India" and transfer power to the Indian population.
• The movement garnered widespread support from all sections of Indian society and became a significant phase in India's struggle for independence. However, it also faced harsh repression from the British authorities, leading to mass arrests, violence, and curfews. Despite the challenges and suppression, the Quit India Movement demonstrated the united spirit of the Indian people and their unyielding commitment to achieving freedom and self-governance.
• The movement significantly influenced India's journey towards independence and played a crucial role in the eventual transfer of power to India in 1947. The Quit India Movement remains an essential chapter in India's history, representing the collective will and determination of its people to break free from colonial rule and establish a sovereign nation.

The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Movement or August Kranti, had its background as follows:

• Cripps Mission's Failure: After the failure of the Cripps Mission to gain Indian support for the war effort and address the demands for independence, the Indian National Congress was left disappointed and frustrated.
• Drafting the 'Quit India' Resolution: Following Stafford Cripps' departure, Mahatma Gandhi drafted a resolution calling for the complete withdrawal of the British from India in the event of a Japanese invasion. The resolution also proposed a nonviolent non-cooperation movement as a means to achieve independence.
• Acceptance of the Idea of Struggle: The idea of launching a mass nonviolent movement was accepted during the Congress Working Committee (CWC) meeting held in Wardha on July 14, 1942. The CWC decided to give Gandhi the leadership of this movement.
• Approval at All India Congress Committee Meeting: The 'Quit India' resolution was presented for approval at the All India Congress Committee meeting in Bombay in August. Jawaharlal Nehru proposed the resolution, and Sardar Patel seconded it.
• Launch of the Movement: Mahatma Gandhi commenced the Quit India movement on August 8, 1942, at the Gowalia Tank Maidan (August Kranti Maidan) in Mumbai. He delivered his iconic "Do or die" speech, urging the people to engage in a peaceful and nonviolent struggle to gain independence.
• Slogans and Objectives: The movement was characterized by the slogans "Quit India" and "Bharat Chodo" (Quit India in Hindi). The primary objective was to persuade the British to grant India independence based on the principles of peaceful non-cooperation advocated by the Congress.
• Peaceful Nonviolent Movement: The Quit India Movement was envisioned as a nonviolent mass movement, guided by Gandhian principles of nonviolence and civil disobedience. The Congress doctrine emphasized the use of nonviolent means to achieve political and social change.
• The Quit India Movement marked a critical phase in India's struggle for independence, demonstrating the united spirit and determination of the Indian people to secure self-rule and end British colonial rule in the country. It remains a significant milestone in India's history, inspiring subsequent generations in their quest for freedom and self-determination.

The resolution of the Quit India Movement, ratified on August 8, 1942, at the Congress meeting in Gowalia Tank, Bombay, included the following key points:

• Immediate End to British Rule: The Quit India Resolution demanded the immediate end of British colonial rule in India. It called for the British to "Quit India" and transfer power to the Indian people.
• Commitment to Defend Free India: The resolution declared that a free India would be committed to defending itself against all forms of Fascism and imperialism. It emphasized India's determination to protect its sovereignty and independence.
• Provisional Government of India: The resolution proposed the formation of a provisional Government of India following the withdrawal of the British. This provisional government would be tasked with governing the country until a permanent government could be established.
• Civil Disobedience Movement: The Quit India Resolution sanctioned a civil disobedience movement against British rule. It called on the Indian people to engage in nonviolent resistance and mass civil disobedience as a means to press for their demand for independence.
• The Quit India Movement marked a turning point in India's struggle for freedom, with the resolution outlining the core objectives and strategies to achieve independence. The movement witnessed widespread participation and a strong display of unity among the Indian population in their quest for self-rule. Despite facing severe repression and arrests by the British authorities, the Quit India Movement strengthened India's resolve for independence and significantly contributed to the eventual transfer of power from British rule to Indian hands in 1947. The movement remains a symbol of India's unwavering commitment to nonviolent resistance and the pursuit of freedom and sovereignty.

During the Quit India Movement, Mahatma Gandhi provided specific instructions to different groups of people to participate in the nonviolent civil disobedience movement. These instructions were designed to mobilize diverse sections of society in their quest for independence and to assert their support for the Indian National Congress (INC) and the movement's objectives. The instructions were as follows:

• Government Employees: Gandhi urged government employees not to resign from their positions but to pledge their allegiance to the Indian National Congress. By remaining in their posts and supporting the INC, they could contribute to the movement from within the government machinery.
• Soldiers: Gandhi advised soldiers not to use violence against their fellow countrymen, even if they were ordered to do so by their superiors. Instead, he urged them to remain with the army but to refrain from firing on their comrades in the civil disobedience movement.
• Landlords/Zamindars: For landlords or zamindars who were against the government, Gandhi recommended that they accept the agreed-upon rent from their tenants. However, for those who supported the government, he advised the tenants not to pay the rent as a form of protest.
• Students: Gandhi offered students the choice to participate in the movement based on their confidence and conviction. If they felt strongly about the cause, he encouraged them to leave their studies and join the civil disobedience movement.
• Princes: Gandhi called upon the princely rulers to align themselves with the aspirations of the Indian people and embrace the idea of a sovereign India. He urged them to stand behind the people's demands for independence and self-rule.
• People of Princely States: For the residents of princely states, Gandhi advised them to support their rulers only if the rulers were anti-government. However, if the rulers aligned with the British government, Gandhi recommended that the people declare themselves as Indian citizens and express their loyalty to the broader movement for independence.
• These instructions were part of Gandhi's strategy to engage various segments of society in a united and nonviolent protest against British rule. By providing tailored guidance to different groups, he aimed to harness the collective strength and participation of the Indian population in the Quit India Movement.

The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Movement or August Kranti, emerged due to several significant reasons and events that fueled discontent and frustration among the Indian population. The main reasons for the Quit India Movement were as follows:

• Impact of World War II: The outbreak of World War II in 1939 significantly influenced the Indian political landscape. India, as a colony of the British Empire, was dragged into the war without its consent, and the burden of the war effort fell heavily on the Indian people.
• Japanese Threat in Northeastern Frontiers: Japan, as one of the Axis Powers opposing the British in the war, was gaining ground on India's northeastern frontiers. The fear of a potential Japanese invasion added to the sense of insecurity among the Indian public.
• British Abandonment of Southeast Asian Colonies: The British decision to abandon their colonies in Southeast Asia during the war, leaving their people to fend for themselves, created doubts about the British ability to defend India effectively.
• Gandhi's Belief in Nonviolent Defense: Mahatma Gandhi believed that if the British left India peacefully, Japan would have no reason to invade the country. He saw the Quit India Movement as a means to press for a peaceful British withdrawal.
• Public Animosity towards British Government: The Indian public's animosity towards the British government grew due to reports of British military defeats in the war and the resulting hardships, including high prices for essential goods.
• Failure of Cripps Mission: The Cripps Mission, which aimed to gain Indian support for the war effort, failed to provide a satisfactory constitutional solution to India's challenges and demands for independence. This failure further fueled the discontent and frustration among Indian nationalists.
• In response to these factors, the Indian National Congress called for a major civil disobedience movement, the Quit India Movement, in August 1942. The movement sought to demand the immediate end of British colonial rule in India and bring about self-rule and independence through nonviolent mass protests and civil disobedience. Despite facing severe repression and arrests by the British authorities, the Quit India Movement demonstrated the united and determined spirit of the Indian people in their pursuit of freedom and sovereignty. It remains a significant chapter in India's struggle for independence and a testament to the power of nonviolent resistance in shaping the course of history.

The Quit India Movement can be divided into three distinct phases, each marked by different types of activities and strategies employed by the participants:

The First Phase (Rampage by Public):

• In this phase, the general public engaged in acts of defiance against British authority symbols.
• Public buildings were targeted, and national flags were forcibly hoisted on them as a symbol of defiance.
• Satyagrahis willingly surrendered to arrest as a form of protest.
• Acts of sabotage were carried out, such as blowing up bridges, removing railway tracks, and severing telegraph lines.
• The eastern United Provinces and Bihar were the regions where such activities were most prevalent.
• Students participated by going on strikes in schools and colleges, organizing processions, writing and distributing illegal news sheets (Patrika), and serving as couriers for underground networks.
• Workers in cities like Ahmedabad, Bombay, Jamshedpur, Ahmednagar, and Poona went on strike to support the movement.

The Second Phase (Underground Activities):

• In this phase, many nationalists went underground and engaged in subversive activities against British rule.
• Various groups and individuals, including socialists, members of the Forward Bloc, Gandhi ashramites, revolutionary nationalists, and local organizations from different regions, participated in underground activities.
• Key figures involved in underground activity included Rammanohar Lohia, Jayaprakash Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Usha Mehta, Biju Patnaik, Chhotubhai Puranik, Achyut Patwardhan, Sucheta Kripalani, and R.P. Goenka.
• Usha Mehta founded an underground radio station in Bombay to maintain communication and morale.
• The focus of this phase was to maintain a line of command, distribute arms and ammunition, and provide guidance to the participants.

The Third Phase (Parallel Governments):

• In this phase, parallel governments were established in certain regions as a form of defiance against British rule.
• Notable instances of parallel governments were seen in places like Ballia, Tamluk (Midnapore), and Satara.
• These parallel governments aimed to carry out administrative functions, provide relief, and organize various campaigns at the local level.
• Leaders like Chittu Pandey, Y.B. Chavan, Nana Patil, and others played crucial roles in establishing and running these parallel governments.
• Various sections of society, including businessmen, students, villagers, pilots, train drivers, and even government officials, provided active assistance to the movement by offering donations, shelter, and material assistance, passing on secret information to activists, and supporting various campaigns.
• These three phases of the Quit India Movement highlight the diverse and persistent efforts made by the Indian people to challenge British rule and assert their demand for independence through different forms of protest, underground activities, and the establishment of parallel governance structures. The movement remains a significant chapter in India's struggle for freedom and independence.

The Quit India Movement had a profound impact on India's struggle for independence and the course of the freedom movement. Here are some of the key impacts of the Quit India Movement:

• Arrest and Detention of Congress Leaders: Following Mahatma Gandhi's demand, the British administration arrested all prominent Congress leaders, including Gandhi, Nehru, and Patel, which led to a leadership vacuum in the movement. Newer leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan and Ram Manohar Lohia stepped up to take over the movement.
• The Emergence of New Leaders: With the arrest of senior leaders, newer leaders like Aruna Asaf Ali emerged and played significant roles in leading the movement and maintaining its momentum.
• Mass Detentions and Violence: The British authorities responded to the movement with mass detentions and violent repression. Almost 100,000 people were detained, and violence, including mass floggings and lathi charges, was used to suppress the unrest.
• Declaring INC Illegal: The Indian National Congress (INC) was declared illegal, and its leaders were imprisoned for most of the war. Gandhi was released in 1944 due to ill health.
• Support and Opposition: The movement received widespread support from the Indian public, leading to strikes, demonstrations, and disruptions of government structures and transportation links. However, there were isolated incidents of violence and opposition from parties like the Muslim League, the Communist Party of India, and the Hindu Mahasabha.
• Influence of Subhas Chandra Bose: From outside India, Subhas Chandra Bose organized the Indian National Army and the Azad Hind government, which also played a role in India's freedom struggle.
• Impact on Indian Bureaucracy: The Indian bureaucracy, in general, opposed the Quit India Movement, causing disruptions in administrative functions during the period of unrest.
• Geographical Focus: The movement's main focus areas were Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Midnapore, and Karnataka. The uprising continued until 1944, showing its prolonged impact.
• Long-Term Influence: The Quit India Movement significantly boosted the spirit of the Indian people in their quest for independence and demonstrated their unity and resolve in the face of British repression. It further weakened the British hold on India and hastened the process of India's eventual independence in 1947.

Overall, the Quit India Movement marked a critical phase in India's struggle for freedom and played a pivotal role in shaping the events that led to the end of British colonial rule in India. Its legacy continues to inspire the nation's commitment to democracy, nonviolence, and the pursuit of social justice.

The Quit India Movement holds immense significance in India's struggle for independence and had a profound impact on the course of the freedom movement. Here are some of the key aspects that highlight the significance of the Quit India Movement:

• Mass Participation: The Quit India Movement saw widespread participation from people from all walks of life, including students, workers, peasants, and various sections of society. This demonstrated the deep-rooted and widespread support for the nationalist cause and showcased the unity and determination of the Indian people in their quest for freedom.
• Leadership from the People: The movement continued despite the absence of prominent leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and others, who were imprisoned when it began. The fact that the movement sustained itself and saw leadership emerging from the masses indicated the maturity and resilience of the Indian public in leading their own struggle for independence.
• Challenging British Authority: The Quit India Movement dealt a significant blow to British authority in India. It showcased that ruling India without the consent and cooperation of the Indian people was no longer feasible for the British. The movement highlighted the extent to which nationalism had progressed and the growing demand for self-rule.
• Spontaneity and Initiative: The movement displayed a level of spontaneity and popular initiative that was higher than before in India's freedom struggle. While certain guidelines were issued by the Congress leadership, the movement largely gained momentum through the spontaneous actions of the masses, indicating a deep-rooted desire for independence.
• Pressure on the British Empire: The widespread uprising among the Indian masses compelled the British authorities to seriously consider the issue of Indian independence. It changed the nature of political negotiations between India and the British Empire, paving the way for the eventual grant of independence to India in 1947.
• Immediate Agenda for Independence: The Quit India Movement put the demand for complete independence on the immediate agenda of the national movement. It emphasized that there could be no turning back after the movement, and the pursuit of freedom became the central focus of the nationalist struggle.
• Legacy of Nonviolent Resistance: The Quit India Movement further strengthened the legacy of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience as powerful tools for achieving political objectives. It highlighted the potency of nonviolence in mobilizing the masses and challenging oppressive regimes.

In summary, the Quit India Movement marked a turning point in India's struggle for independence. It demonstrated the unwavering determination and unity of the Indian people in their quest for self-rule and played a pivotal role in hastening India's journey toward becoming an independent nation. The movement's impact and legacy continue to resonate in India's history and serve as an inspiration for nonviolent resistance and the pursuit of freedom and democracy.

Conclusion

• The Quit India Movement marked a defining moment in India's struggle for independence, setting the stage for the future of Indian politics and shaping the nation's journey towards self-rule. The movement's significance lies in the fact that it truly belonged to the people - "We the People" - who ardently fought for India's freedom and sovereignty. The ordinary citizens demonstrated unparalleled heroism and determination, facing the harshest repression from the British authorities and standing firm against adverse circumstances.
• The Quit India Movement showcased the depth of the Indian people's commitment to the cause of independence. It revealed unity and solidarity among diverse sections of society, with students, workers, peasants, and people from all walks of life actively participating in the struggle. The movement's sustained momentum, even in the absence of prominent leaders, demonstrated the emergence of a new era where leadership and initiative arose organically from the masses themselves.
• Despite facing severe repression, mass arrests, and violence from the British, the people's resilience and unwavering spirit in the face of adversity sent a powerful message to the world. The movement highlighted the efficacy of nonviolent resistance as a formidable tool for challenging the colonial rule and shaping the future of nations.
• The Quit India Movement's impact extended beyond the immediate period of unrest. It paved the way for India's eventual independence and prompted the British authorities to seriously consider India's demand for self-rule. The movement left a lasting legacy of people's empowerment, inspiring future generations to continue the struggle for justice, equality, and democratic values.
• As India gained its independence in 1947, the Quit India Movement's significance remained embedded in the nation's collective memory, reminding the people of the sacrifices made and the indomitable spirit of the freedom fighters. It continues to serve as a symbol of courage, unity, and the power of people-led movements in shaping the course of history.
• The Quit India Movement's enduring impact reverberates through India's political landscape, as it continues to inspire the pursuit of justice, freedom, and the preservation of democratic principles. As the nation progresses, it remains rooted in the spirit of the Quit India Movement - a testament to the unwavering commitment of "We the People" towards building a just, inclusive, and independent India.