Indian classical dances are a tapestry woven with threads of tradition, spirituality, and artistic brilliance. These dances are not just a form of entertainment; they are a reflection of India's rich cultural heritage, expressing deep emotions, stories, and devotion. Rooted in ancient traditions and guided by sacred texts like the Natya Shastra, Indian classical dances can be divided into several distinctive forms, each with its unique style, history, and significance.
The Natya Shastra and the Eight Rasas
The foundation of Indian classical dances lies in the Natya Shastra, an ancient Sanskrit text dating back to 200 BCE - 200 CE. This monumental work classifies these dances into four main categories based on how sound is produced:
Tata Vadya or Chordophones - Stringed Instruments.
Sushira Vadya or Aerophones - Wind Instruments.
Avanaddha Vadya or Membranophones - Percussion Instruments.
Ghana Vadya or Idiophones - Solid Instruments that do not require tuning.
The Natya Shastra also introduces the concept of the Eight Rasas, the ultimate emotional experiences conveyed through these dances. These Rasas are:
- Shringar (Love)
- Hasya (Humor)
- Karuna (Sorrow)
- Raudra (Anger)
- Veer (Heroism)
- Bhayanak (Fear)
- Bibhats (Disgust)
- Adbhoot (Wonder)
In later times, Abhinav Gupta added a ninth Rasa, Shanta (Peace), to this list.
Nine Classical Dance Forms
Indian classical dances are distinguished by their technicality and adherence to strict rules, as outlined in texts like Acharya Nandikeshawara's 'Abhinaya Darpan' and Sharangdev's 'Sangeetha Ratnakar.' The Ministry of Culture, Government of India recognizes nine classical dance forms.
- Bharatanatyam:
Bharatanatyam, often referred to as 'Sadir,' originated in South India and is one of the oldest classical dance forms, dating back around 2000 years. It encompasses Bhav (emotion), Rag (musical notes), Ras (aesthetic experience), and Taal (rhythm). Bharatanatyam follows the conventions of the Natya Shastra and is characterized by its expressive hand gestures and intricate footwork.
- Kathak:
Originating in North India, Kathak is known for its graceful footwork, spins, and storytelling. It often revolves around themes from Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Krishna's tales. Kathak's spectacular footwork and rhythmic patterns set it apart from other dance forms.
- Odissi:
Odissi, from the state of Odisha, is a dance form that combines Lasya and Tandav elements. It gracefully depicts stories from poet Jayadev's work and uses fluid movements to create the illusion of waves. The dance costume includes traditional materials from Odisha and elaborate jewelry.
- Kuchipudi:
Originating in Andhra Pradesh, Kuchipudi is a dance-drama style that blends elements of Bharatanatyam and Odissi. It is known for its Tarangam, where dancers balance on the edges of brass plates, and its storytelling aspect.
- Kathakali:
Kathakali, from Kerala, is a vibrant dance-drama with elaborate costumes, makeup, and face masks. It primarily depicts stories from Hindu mythology and involves intricate facial expressions and powerful movements.
- Mohiniattam:
Hailing from Kerala, Mohiniattam is characterized by soft, gentle movements and expressive hand gestures. It often tells stories of Radha and Krishna and is performed by women in traditional white costumes.
- Sattriya:
Sattriya, from Assam, is deeply rooted in Vaishnavism and was traditionally performed in monasteries. It features themes from Hindu epics and showcases both masculine and feminine styles.
- Chhau:
Chhau, a blend of folk, tribal, and martial arts, is known for its vibrant costumes and masks. It draws inspiration from various regions and includes themes from Hindu deities.
|
Forms of Chhau |
Features |
|
Seraikella Chhau: |
|
|
Mayurbhanj Chhau: |
|
|
Purulia Chhau: |
|
- Manipuri:
Manipuri, from Manipur, combines elements of Indian and South-East Asian culture. It is known for its soft, graceful movements and themes related to Vaishnavism.
Indian classical dances serve as a bridge between the past and the present, conveying stories, emotions, and spirituality through the language of movement, rhythm, and expression. As these dance forms continue to evolve and adapt to the modern world, they remain a source of pride and inspiration for generations to come.
