The advent of Europeans in India

• Europeans arrived in India to trade, but they eventually achieved political and administrative control of the nation.
• Heavy demands for Indian commodities like spices, calicoes, silk, etc. Catch the attention of European traders from early times.
• The advent of Europeans in India is the beginning of modern India's History.

Arrival of Europeans in India

• The traditional trade routes between the East and the West fell under Turkish dominance following the Ottoman conquest of Asia Minor and the capture of Constantinople in AD 1453.
•  Merchants from Venice and Genoa, who had monopolized these routes, denied West European states, including Spain and Portugal, any participation in trade through the old routes.
• Seeking to break the Arab and Venetian trade monopolies and circumvent Turkish hostilities, West European states and merchants began searching for new and safer sea routes to India and Indonesia.
• The advancements in ship-building and navigation science in the 15th century enabled these states to discover sea routes.
• Portugal and Spain took the initial steps, with their seamen, sponsored and controlled by the governments, initiating a significant era of geographical exploration.

Timeline of Europeans in India

The Portuguese

• Encouraged by Prince Henry of Portugal, Bartholomeu Dias, the first Portuguese sailor, reached the Cape of Good Hope in AD 1498 in search of sea routes to India.

Vasco da Gama

• Hailing from Lisbon, Vasco da Gama, a colonial explorer, discovered a new sea route from Europe to Asia via the Cape of Good Hope. 
• He received assistance from the Gujarati navigator Ibn Majid and landed at Calicut on May 21, 1498. Calicut, then under the Zamorin, was prosperous. 
• Vasco da Gama returned to Portugal in AD 1499 and revisited India in AD 1501. 

Pedro Alvares Cabral

• In AD 1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral led the second European expedition to reach India via the sea route around the Cape of Good Hope. 
• He strengthened the factories at Cochin and Cannanore, leaving a squadron to supervise the Malabar coast and thwart any Arab vessels arriving from the Red Sea. 
• The Portuguese maritime empire came to be known as Estado da India, aiming to monopolize the spice and pepper trade in the East.

Treaty of Tordesillas

• The Treaty of Tordesillas signed in AD 1494 between Spain and Portugal, aimed to divide the world between them along an imaginary line down the center of the Atlantic Ocean. This agreement served as an amendment to the papal bulls issued by Pope Alexander VI in AD 1493.

Important Portuguese Governors

Here are some significant Portuguese Governors and events during their rule:

Francisco de Almeida (AD 1505-1509)

Francisco de Almeida, the first Governor of Portuguese territory, fortified Fort Manuel in Cochin and erected a fort at Anjediva.

Blue Water Policy

• The Blue Water Policy, introduced by Governor Francisco de Almeida, emphasized maintaining Portuguese dominance as the sole trade power in the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. 
• This policy advocated for Portuguese naval strength rather than building fortifications on the Indian mainland.
• Almeida led a systematic assault on the Muslim (mainly Arab) monopoly of trade in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. 
• In a naval battle near Chaul, the combined Muslim fleet achieved victory over the Portuguese fleet under Almeida's son, who lost his life in the battle (January 1508).
•  A year later, Almeida successfully defeated the combined Muslim fleet in a naval battle near Diu (February 1509).

Alfonso de Albuquerque (AD 1509-1515)

• Albuquerque's first major achievement was the conquest of Goa from the Adil Shahi Sultan of Bijapur in February AD 1510. Although the city was quickly recaptured by the Sultan of Bijapur, Albuquerque undertook a second expedition.
• He captured Bhatkal from Sri Krishna Deva Raya (1510) of Vijayanagara and initiated a policy of intermarriage with the natives of India. Albuquerque also banned the practice of sati in his area of influence.
• Albuquerque's successors went on to establish Portuguese settlements on the West coast at Daman, Salsette, and Bombay, while also extending their presence on the East coast with settlements at Santhome (near Madras) and Hooghly (Bengal).
• Cartaz System The Cartaz System, a naval trade license or pass, was implemented by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean during the 16th century under the dominion of the Portuguese Empire.

Battle of Goa (1510)

• In the Battle of Goa (1510), Alfonso de Albuquerque, with the assistance of Hindu chieftain Timoji, successfully captured Goa. Although the Portuguese initially faced defeat, the reinforcement led by Albuquerque turned the tide, resulting in the defeat of Adil Shahi's forces and the occupation of the city by Timoji.
• Recognizing the strategic significance of Goa, Portuguese Viceroy Alfonso de Albuquerque saw it as an ideal permanent base for Portugal's navy and commerce in the Indian Ocean.

Nino da Cunha (AD 1529-1538)

• Nino da Cunha continued the expansion of Portuguese influence by establishing settlements at Santhome near Madras and at Hooghly in Bengal, thus fostering commerce on the Eastern coast.
• In AD 1534, the Portuguese obtained permission from the Sultan of Bengal to build factories at Satgaon and Chittagong.

• Cochin served as the early capital of the Portuguese in India, later transferred to Goa by Nino da Cunha.
• In AD 1535, Cunha acquired Diu and Bassein from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. 
• Over time, most of their territories were lost to the Marathas (Salsette and Bassein in AD 1739), Dutch, and English. Only Goa, Diu, and Daman remained under Portuguese control until AD 1961.
• By AD 1571, the Asiatic Empire had divided into three distinct commands:
  • A Governorship overseeing settlements on the African coast, with Mozambique under its control.
  • A Viceroyalty located at Goa, responsible for the territories of India and Persia.
  • A Governorship situated at Malacca, tasked with regulating the trade of Java and the spice archipelago.

Other Notable Governors

• Afonso de Souza: During his Governorship (1542-45), the first Jesuit priest, Francisco Xavier, arrived in India.
• Monserrate and Acquaviva: In response to Akbar's request in September 1579, Jesuit fathers Rodolfo Aquaviva and Antonio Monserrate reached Fatehpur Sikri on 28th February 1580. 
• They made a second visit in AD 15 with Fathers Jerome Xavier and Emmanuel Pinhei. In AD 1595, the third Portuguese mission requested by Akbar arrived at Lahore. Their letters from the court served as a valuable source for the later part of Akbar's reign.

Contributions of the Portuguese in India

• The Portuguese had a significant social, economic, and cultural influence in India, particularly along the Western coasts.
• They enriched Indian vocabulary and made advancements in medicine. Garda da Orta, a Portuguese scholar, wrote the first treatise on the medical plants of India. The first scientific work on Indian medicinal plants by a European writer was printed at Goa in AD 1563.

• They opened up the global market for Indian goods like spices and muslin.
• The Portuguese played a vital role in expanding trade with coastal Indian regions, contributing to unprecedented growth.
• Assisted by the Portuguese, India witnessed the influx of various imported goods from European countries and China. 
• The Portuguese are also acknowledged for introducing tobacco cultivation in India. 

Additional contributions of the Portuguese include:

• Naval Contribution: The arrival of the Portuguese not only marked the onset of the European age but also the rise of maritime power. Equipping their ships with cannons, the Portuguese took the initial steps to establish a commerce monopoly by employing threats or force.
• Military Contribution: On land, the Portuguese made a significant military contribution by implementing a system of drilling infantry groups, modeled after the Spanish approach. This system was introduced in the 1630s in response to pressure from the Dutch.
• Maritime Technologies: The Portuguese were adept in advanced maritime tactics. Their robust multi-decked ships were designed to withstand Atlantic gales rather than sail ahead of the regular monsoons, enabling them to carry more weapons.
• Architectural Contribution: The Portuguese had a profound influence on Indian architecture, particularly in ecclesiastical architecture, known as Gothic architecture in Western and South India.
•  They also propagated the style of Manueline architecture, also referred to as Late Gothic, along the Western coast.

Timeline of Portuguese India

Decline of Portuguese Rule 

Some of the major factors for the decline of Portuguese rule in India were as follows:

Weak Successors

• The successors of Albuquerque were weak and could not maintain the prosperity unlike their previous ones.
• They were unable to increase Portuguese control over India and on the other hand, rise of powerful regional powers like Marathas and Nizams Doc attain created huge trouble for them.

Aggressive Religious Policies

•  The Portuguese's religious policies were a crucial factor and negative element in their defeat in India
•  Engaging in forced conversions to Christianity and participating in human trafficking for trade in the Western world were common practices among the Portuguese.
•  The Portuguese not only engaged in such activities but also destroyed and desecrated Hindu shrines in India.

Fall of Vijayanagara Empire

• After the Battle of Talikota in AD 1565 led to the downfall of the Vijayanagara Kingdom, the influence of the Portuguese in India waned alongside the demise of the powerful state.
• Vijayanagara had served as a pivotal trade center for European goods and articles.

The Impact of the West

Following the discovery of Brazil, Portugal shifted its colonization focus more towards the West.

• Overcoming Portuguese opposition, these new entrants successfully captured Portuguese possessions in India.

Corrupted Trade Policy and Moral Degeneration

• The Portuguese sought to establish trade monopoly by any means necessary.
•  The abuse of naval power led to the robbery of other ships on the beach, harassment of civilians, and attacks on other ships at sea. Consequently, other merchants ceased trade with Portugal.

Expansion of the Mughal Empire in the South

•  The expansion of the Mughal Empire in the South weakened the position of the Portuguese. Punished by Shah Jahan, they lost control of Hooghly in West Bengal.
•  Concurrently, the ascendancy of Maratha power impeded Portuguese expansion along the West coast.

The Dutch

• The Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC), popularly known as the Dutch United East India Company, was established in AD 1602.

• They successfully overcame Portuguese influence and gained control over spice cultivation centers.
•  They established trade posts in Gujarat, Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. The company's effective administrative system and strong national support enabled it to monopolize the spice trade to Europe.

Dutch Settlements in India

• The Dutch East India Company's settlements and trading posts on the Indian subcontinent include:

On the Malabar Coast

• Their sole port on this side was Vengurla, located to the North of Goa. After a protracted power struggle, the Dutch were ultimately defeated by the English in the Battle of Bedara in AD 1759.

On the Coromandel Coast

• Following an earlier unsuccessful attempt to initiate trade at Surat and on the Malabar coast, Admiral Van der Hagen established trade with the Coromandel coast, setting up a permanent factory at Masulipatnam in early 1605.
•  Another factory was soon founded at Devanampatnam (Tegnapatnam) or Fort St David. In AD 1610, after negotiations with the king of Chandragiri, the Dutch established another factory at Pulicat, named Fort Geldria.

Dutch East India Factories in India

Trade During the Dutch Period

• Exports: The primary export from the Coromandel coast during the Dutch period consisted of textiles, specifically woven clothes with distinctive patterns.
•  Additionally, the Dutch engaged in exporting Indigo and Saltpetre. Opium, a crucial export, found consumption in Java and China, yielding significant profits. The Dutch primarily traded in spices, indigo, raw silk, rice, and opium, playing a pivotal role in making India a center for textile exports.
• Pulicat served as their main center from AD 1616, but Nagapattinam later replaced it. The Dutch trading system operated on the Cartel system, and the company paid an impressive dividend of 18% to its shareholders, marking a record in the history of commerce.
• Imports: In terms of imports, aside from spices, key items brought to the Coromandel included sandalwood and pepper from the Archipelago, copper from Japan, and textiles from China.
• Trade from Bengal: In Bengal, the Dutch initially established a factory at Pipli but soon abandoned it for Balasore. 
• Eventually, they secured a firm footing at Chinsurah on the Hooghly in AD 1653, leading to the construction of Fort Gustavus in AD 1742. Subsequently, they expanded their presence with factories at Cossimbazar and Patna.

The decline of the Dutch

• In the Battle of Colachel (AD 1741), the forces of the Dutch East India Company suffered defeat at the hands of the King of Travancore, Marthanda Verma. Subsequently, they faced a decisive defeat in the Battle of Bedara (AD 1759), led by Robert Clive of the British. 
• The decline of the Dutch can be attributed to factors such as a deteriorating economic condition, excessive centralization, a focus on spice trade, and a comparatively weaker navy than the British.

Anglo-Dutch Rivalry

• During this period, the English began to emerge as significant players in Eastern trade, posing a serious threat to Dutch economic interests. The escalating commercial competition eventually led to hostilities.
•  After prolonged conflicts, both parties reached an agreement in AD 1667. In this accord, the British committed to relinquish all claims to Indonesia, while the Dutch agreed to withdraw from India to concentrate on their more successful commerce in Indonesia.

The English

• Before the establishment of the East India Company's trade in India, English merchant John Mildenhall arrived in India via the land route for trade with Indian merchants in AD 1599.
• The charter granted by Queen Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, under the title of 'The Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies,' marked the formation of the East India Company.
• Initially focused on acquiring spices and pepper from the Eastern Archipelago, the company's first two voyages (AD 1601-1606) were directed towards Aching (in Sumatra), Bantam (in Java), and the Malaccas.
•  It was only with the third voyage in AD 1608 that the English initiated the company's trade with India, and Captain William Hawkins, with experience in such ventures and proficiency in Turkish, was provided with a letter from King James I to Akbar.

Timeline of the English East India Company

•  Founded on December 31, 1600, the East India Company aimed to establish trade relations with the East Indies.
•  Established by a group of over 200 English merchants, Queen Elizabeth I, the reigning Queen of England, was a shareholder.

•  In AD 1608, the East India Company gained its initial foothold at Surat in Gujarat.
•  In November 1612, English Commander Captain Thomas Best sailed to India from the ship Dragon and a small ship Osiander. The Battle of Swally (1612) saw the successful defeat of a Portuguese ship, earning admiration from Mughal Emperor Jahangir.
• The company established its first Indian factory in Surat in AD 1613 and a second factory in Masulipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, in AD 1616.
•  In AD 1615, King James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit Mughal Emperor Jahangir to arrange a commercial treaty for residing and establishing factories in Surat and other areas.
•  In AD 1668, the English East India Company acquired Bombay from Charles II, then King of England, becoming the headquarters on the West coast of India.
•  Trading posts were established in Surat (AD 1613), Madras (AD 1639), Bombay (AD 1668), and Calcutta (AD 1690).

•  In AD 1717, Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar completely waived customs duties for the English in Bengal. By then, the company's mainstay businesses included cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, and tea.

English Settlements on the Western Coast

• In AD 1609, William arrived at Jahangir's court but failed to secure permission to erect a factory at Surat. However, the English, under Captain Best, achieved victory over the Portuguese fleet at Swally (near Surat) in AD 1612, breaking the tradition of Portuguese supremacy. Consequently, Jahangir issued a farman permitting the English to establish a factory at Surat in AD 1613.
• Sir Thomas Roe, the royal ambassador from James I to the Mughal emperor, succeeded in obtaining two farmans by 1618—one from Mughal Emperor Jahangir and the other from Prince Khurram—granting permission to trade and erect factories in different parts of the empire.
• Surat emerged as a significant center of maritime trade. The English extended their inland trading operations from Surat and, by AD 1616, had established subordinate factories at Ahmedabad, Baroda, Broach, and Agra. Finally, Bombay was declared the headquarters of the company on the West coast in AD 1687.

Gerald Aungier

• Gerald Aungier, the first Governor of Bombay (AD 1669 to 1677), played a crucial role. Under Aungier's leadership, Bombay became a safe haven for all merchants and manufacturers. He established vigorous and strict discipline over all inhabitants of the city, allowing every community to enjoy the free exercise of its religion.

English Settlements on the Eastern Coast

• The English were granted permission to trade in Masulipatnam in AD 1611 and, in AD 1630, secured the Golden Farman from the Sultan of Golconda (AD 1632), ensuring the safety and prosperity of their trade.
• In AD 1639, Francis Day obtained the site of Madras from the Raja of Chandragiri, with permission to build a fortified factory named Fort Saint George. The foundation of Madras in AD 1639 marked the English arrival at Hooghly in AD 1650, establishing a factory.
• The English foothold on the Eastern coast grew both strong and permanent. Madras quickly replaced Masulipatnam as the headquarters of the English East India Company, encompassing the Coromandel settlements along the coast.
•  By AD 1641, all territories in Eastern India (Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa) and the Coromandel region were placed under the control of the President and Council of Fort Saint George.

English Settlements in Bengal

• In AD 1633, the Mughal Governor of Orissa granted the English merchants factories at Hariharapur (near the mouth of Mahanadi), Balasore, and Pipli. The English also succeeded in establishing a factory at Hooghly in AD 1651, followed by ones at Patna, Dacca, and Cossimbazar.
• In AD 1667, Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the English East India Company permission to trade in Bengal. Five years later, in AD 1672, the Mughal Governor, Shaista Khan, confirmed all the privileges acquired by the English East India Company.
• The rebellion led by Sobha Singh, a Zamindar in the district of Burdwan, provided an opportunity for the English to fortify their settlement at Sutanuti in AD 1696. Azim-ush-Shah, the Governor of Bengal, permitted the English to purchase the Zamindari of the three villages of Sutanuti, Kalikata, and Govindpur, paying 1200 to the old proprietors.
• In AD 1700, the directors designated Bengal as a separate Presidency independent of Madras and appointed Sir Charles Eyre as its first President and Governor of Fort William in Bengal. Following Aurangzeb's death in AD 1707, the English received confirmation of their privileges from the new Emperor Shah Alam and the de facto ruler of Bengal, Murshid Quli Khan.
• A significant event during this period was the diplomatic mission led by John Surman in AD 1715 to the court of the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar.

The Mughal Emperor issued farmans to the company outlining the following privileges:

• Bengal: The company's imports and exports in Bengal were exempted from additional custom duties, with the exception of an annual payment of 3000, as previously settled. The company was also granted permission to lease additional lands around Calcutta.
• Hyderabad: The company retained its old privileges in Hyderabad, enjoying freedom from trade dues and paying only the existing rent for Madras.
• Surat: The company at Surat was exempted from all duties on its exports and imports. In return, it made an annual payment of 10000. Furthermore, the coins minted at Bombay were given currency throughout the Mughal Empire.

The Danes

• The Danish East India Company arrived in India in AD 1616, establishing settlements at Tranquebar (Tamil Nadu) in AD 1620, Serampore (Bengal) in AD 1676, and Nicobar Island.
• Serampore served as their headquarters, but they were compelled to sell their settlements to the British in AD 1854.
• The initiative for Danish involvement came from Marcelis de Boshouwer, a Dutch explorer, who sought military assistance against the Portuguese in exchange for a trade monopoly. King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway granted the Danish East India Company a charter in 1616 AD, conferring a twelve-year monopoly on trade between Denmark and Asia.
• The Serampore Mission Press was established by Danish missionaries in AD 1799. However, the Danes eventually sold all their Indian settlements to the British in AD 1845.

The French

• The French East India Company, officially known as Compagnie des Indes Orientales, was established under state patronage by Colbert in AD 1664. 

• In July 1672, a French squadron under De la Haye occupied San Thome near Madras. The following year, in AD 1673, Francois Martin, the director of the Masulipatnam factory, obtained a site for another factory from Sher Khan Lodi, Governor of Valikondapuram. This factory later evolved into Pondicherry, with Francois Martin serving as its first Governor.
• In Bengal, the French established the renowned settlement of Chandranagar in AD 1690, granted by Shaista Khan. Additionally, French factories were set up at Balasore, Mahe, Qarim Bazar, and Karaikal.
• A reconstituted company, named the United Compagnie des Indes, was formed by royal edict, consolidating control over the entire French colonial trade.

Treaty of Ryswick

• The Treaty of Ryswick, concluded in July 1697, marked the end of the Nine Years War, involving Louis XIV's France against a grand coalition of England, the Dutch, and Spain. Louis XIV agreed to return most of his territorial acquisitions made since Nijmegen, retaining only the important fortress town of Strasbourg.
•  In India, Pondicherry was restored to the French by the Dutch. Despite the challenging negotiations, the treaty lasted only four years before the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession.
• The Battle of Condore was fought in the year 1758 between the English and the French nez Masulipatam.
• Lord Clive sent Colonel Forde to the province of Madras, Forde defeated Hubert De Brienne (French Commander). 
• The arrival of Dupleix as French India in AD 1724 saw the beginning of the Anglo-French conflict (Carnatic wars) resulting in their final defeat in India.
• Dupleix captured Madras in AD 1746. He was first to initiate policy of intervening in quarrels of Indian princes.

Important Personalities

Prelim Facts

•  Who were the first Europeans to set up Sea trade Centre in india?

- Portuguese |UKPSC (Pre) 2004] 

• Which factory in Bengal was established by the Portuguese ?

- Hooghly [UPPSC (Pre) 2004}

• Hooghly was used as a bare for Piracy in the Bay of Bengal by

- Portuguese [IAS (Pre) 1995]

•  Which Portuguese Viceroy is connected with (Bhre Water Policy) ?

- Francisco de Almeida [UKPSC (Pre) 2016]

•  Who is considered as the founder of Calcutta city ?

- Job Charnok [UPPSC (Mains) 2004]

• The first to start a Joint Stock Company to trade with India were .......•

- Dutch [IAS (Pre) 1994]

•  Dutch East India Company established its factory at Patna in which year ?

- 1632 [BPSC (Pre) 2019]

• Which British company got the first Charter permitting them to trade in India ?

- Levant Company [UPPSC (Pre) 2014]

• Who was the emperor of India when the British East India Company was formed in London ?

- Akbar [UPPSC (Pre) 2012]

• During the time of which Mughal Emperor did the English East India Company established its first factory in India ?

- Jahangir [IAS (Pre) 2008, 2009]

•  Where in India did Britishers set up their first factory in 1613?

- Surat [BPSC (Pre) 1994]

•  In the first quarter of 17th century, in which region did the factories of the East India Company was located? -

- Broach [IAS (Pre) 2021]

•  The first factory of the East India Company was established at

- Surat [UPPSC (Pre) 1990]

• Which British official defeated the Portuguese at Sowlley ?

- Thomas Best [BPSC (Pre) 2000)

•  Who was the first European to imitate the policy of taking part in the quarrels of Indian Princess with a view to acquire territories ?

- Dupleix IIAS (Pre) 1996]

•  The French India Company was constituted during the reign of

- Louis XIV [UPPSC (Mains) 2014]

•  Who is considered as the founder of French Company in India?

- Colbert [UPPSC (Mains) 2003]

•  From which region did the Europeans got best Shara (Saltpeter) and opium ?

- Bihar BPSC (Pre) 2005]

•  Who was the last to came to pre-Independence India as traders?

- French [IAS (Pre) 2007]

•  Who remarked about the East India Company that the company is an anomaly, but it is a part of the system where everything is inconsistent?

- TB Macaulay [UPPSC (Pre) 2012]

• Which English Governor of East India Company in India was expelled by Aurangzeb?

- Sir John Child IMPPSC (Pre) 2008]

• The famous war of Wandiwash of AD 1760 was fought by the British against whom?

- French [BPSC (Pre) 2020]

•  Name the French General, who was defeated in the battle of Wandiwash.

- Comte De Lally [UKPSC (Pre) 2016]

Self Check

1. Who were the first Europeans to come to India for trade?

UPPSC (Mains) 2007, JPSC (Pre) 2008

(a) Dutch

(b) English

(c) French

(d) Portuguese

2. Who among the following had welcomed Vasco daCama at Calicut?

(a) Gaspar Correa

(b) Albuquerque

(c) Zamorin

(d) Don Almeída

3. Who among the following rulers of medieval Gujarat surrendered Diu to Portuguese?

IAS (Pre) 2023

(a) Ahmad Shah

(b) Mahmud Begarha

(c) Bahadur Shah

(d) Muhammad Shah

4. Match List I with List Il and select the correct answer from the codes given below.

IAS (Pre) 2000

Codes

     A   B   C   D                             A   B   C   D

(a) 3   2   1    4                        (b) 2   1    4    3 

(c) 1   4    3   2                        (d) 4   3    2    1

5. In which of the following places, the Dutch established their trading centres?

(a) Nagapattinam, Chinsura, Masulipatnam

(b) Surat, Bharuch, Agra

(c) Cochin, Ahmedabad, Patna

(d) All of the above

6. Which one of the following is the correct statement?

IAS (Pre) 2005

(a) The modern Kochi was a Dutch colony till India's Independence.

(b) The Dutch defeated the Portuguese and built Fort Williams in the modern Kochi.

(c) The modern. Kochi was first a Dutch colony before the Portuguese took over from them.

(d) The modern Kochi never became a part of the British colony.

7. With reference to the Captain Hawking's, which of the following statements is correct?

UPPSC. (Pre) 2021

1. He came to India in 1611 as an envoy of James-|
2. He was very well versed in Turkish language.

(a) Neither 1 nor 2

(b) Only 1

(c) Only 2

(d) Both 1 and 2

8. During the reign of which Mughal emperor did the English East India Company establish its first factory in India?

IAS (Pre) 2008, 09)

(a) Akbar

(b) Jahangir

(c) Shah Jahan

(d) Aurangzeb

9. In India, among which of the following locations, the French established their earliest factory at

IAS (Pre) 2003

(a) Surat

(b) Pulicat

(c) Cochin

(d) Kasim Bazar

10. French East India Company was constituted during the reign of

UPPSC (Mains) 2014

(a) Louis XIV

(b) Louis XIII

(c) Louis XV

(d) Louis XVI

11. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Codes

     A   B   C   D                                A   B   C   D

(a)  2   3   4    1                         (b)  1   2    3   4 

(c)  3   4    1   2                         (d)  4   1    2   3

12. With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements.

IAS (Pre) 2022

1. The Dutch established their factories/warehouses on the East coast on lands granted to them by Gajapati rulers.
2. Alfonso de Albuquerque captured Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate.
3. The English East India Company established a factory at Madras on a plot of land leased from a representative of the Vijayanagara empire.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3

Know Right Answer

1. 

2. (c)

3. (c)

4. (b)

5. (d)

6. (b)

7. (c)

8. (b)

9. (a)

10. (a)

11.

12. (b)