The decline of the Mauryan Empire marked the onset of a pivotal era in ancient Indian history, characterized by political upheavals, regional fragmentation, and the emergence of new dynasties. The post-Mauryan period, spanning from the 2nd century BCE to the beginning of the Common Era, witnessed significant changes in the administrative structure and governance of the Indian subcontinent.
1. Shunga Dynasty:
The Shungas, led by Pushyamitra Shunga, adopted a Brahmanical resurgence, reinstating Hindu traditions after the Buddhist leanings of the Mauryan era. The administrative structure was influenced by Brahmanical ideals, and key terms of this period include:
- Mahamatya: The chief minister or high official in the administrative hierarchy.
- Baladhikrita: The superintendent of accounts.
2. Satavahana Dynasty:
The administrative terms pertinent to the Satavahana rule include:
- Maharathi: A high-ranking military officer.
- Mahasenapati: The supreme commander of the army.
- Amatya: Officials responsible for revenue collection and administration.
3. Kushan Empire:
Their administrative terminology retained some Greek influence, it also reflected indigenous practices:
- Kushan Kshatrapa: Provincial governors under the Kushan ruler.
- Mahakshatrapa: High-ranking provincial governors.
- Kumara: A royal prince or high official.
Administrative Innovations and Socio-Economic Developments
- Land Revenue System:
The post-Mauryan period witnessed modifications in land revenue systems. The Bhaga System, where the state claimed a share of one-sixth of the produce, gained prevalence. Additionally, the Uttarapatha and Dakshinapatha were key trade routes that contributed to economic prosperity.
- Guilds and Trade:
Urban centers thrived, and guilds (Shrenis) played a crucial role in trade and commerce. The Sreni-Pravara, a guild's official list of members, and the Shresthin, a wealthy merchant, were integral to economic structures.
- Dharmaśāstras and Legal Codes:
The post-Mauryan period saw the codification of legal principles in texts like the Arthashastra attributed to Chanakya. The emergence of Dharmaśāstras, such as the Manusmriti, influenced societal norms and governance.
- Religious Patronage:
While Buddhism faced a decline, Hinduism experienced a revival. The patronage of Hindu temples, like the Mathura school of art, flourished under the Shungas and Kushans.
IMPORTANT TERMS
1. Administrative Terms
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Administrative Terms: |
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Maharaja Adhiraja |
A title used by many rulers signifying the supreme king or emperor. |
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Duta |
Envoys or messengers often sent for diplomatic purposes to maintain relations with other states. |
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Vidyadhara |
Scholars and learned individuals who played a significant role in advising the rulers on matters of governance. |
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Nayaka |
Local leaders or chieftains who held sway over smaller territories within a larger kingdom. |
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Pradeshika |
Officials responsible for the administration of specific regions or provinces. |
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Vishayapati |
Local administrators overseeing Vishayas, which were territorial divisions within a province. |
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Yuktas |
Officials appointed to ensure proper implementation of various administrative policies and laws. |
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Dhanapala |
Custodians of royal treasuries responsible for managing and safeguarding the state's wealth. |
2. Socio-Economic Terms
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Socio-Economic Terms: |
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Grihapati |
Wealthy householders or landowners who played a crucial role in the socio-economic structure. |
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Kutumbin |
Family heads responsible for managing their households and agricultural activities. |
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Vanijya |
Commerce and trade, integral to the economic vibrancy of urban centers. |
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Dhanya |
Refers to grains and agricultural produce, emphasizing the significance of agriculture in the economy. |
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Kulapati |
Heads of noble families or lineages who held influence in both social and political spheres. |
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Varta |
Economic transactions, trade, and commercial activities contributing to the overall prosperity. |
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Nagara |
Urban centers or cities that became hubs for trade, commerce, and cultural exchange. |
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Samanta |
Local landlords or chiefs who exercised authority over rural regions and contributed to the agrarian economy. |
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Purana-pravartaka |
Storytellers or historians who played a role in preserving and disseminating historical and cultural knowledge. |
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Nagara-shreshthin |
Prominent merchants in urban areas who were influential in shaping economic policies. |
