Jainism: An Ancient Path to Enlightenment
In the sixth century BC, Jainism emerged as a result of widespread opposition to the formalized ritualism and hierarchical structure of the Vedic religion. Jainism is one of the religions whose origin can be traced back to the twenty-four teachers (Tirthankaras - those who establish a path or ford), through whom their faith is believed to have been handed down.
Factors Leading to the Rise of Jainism in India
Jainism's rise in India was shaped by a combination of historical and societal factors:
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PRELIMS-2018 With reference to the religious practices in India, the “Sthanakvasi” sect belongs to A. Buddhism B. Jainism C. Vaishnavism D. Shaivism Ans-B |
- Complex Religious Practices: During the later Vedic period, Indian society witnessed the proliferation of complex rituals and sacrifices that were often inaccessible and confusing for the common people. The sacrificial ceremonies were costly, and superstitious beliefs and mantras further distanced the masses.
- Domination of the Brahmins: The Brahmin caste declared themselves the upper Varna with the highest status in society, demanding numerous privileges. This led to social divisions and tensions.
- Opposition from Kshatriyas and Vaishyas: The Kshatriyas (warrior class) and Vaishyas (merchants and farmers) strongly opposed the ritualistic dominance of the Brahmins.
- The Equality of Jainism: Jainism's emphasis on equality attracted the masses, providing relief from the discriminations associated with the Varna system.
- Use of Simple Language: Mahavira's religious message was communicated in a language that common people could understand. The use of vernacular language drew people to Jainism because it was in a language they spoke and understood well.
- Simple Doctrine: Vardhaman Mahavira's Jainism offered a simpler path to liberation, making it more accessible than the complex Vedic rituals.
The ethical values and practical moralities advocated by Jainism, including non-violence, played a significant role in attracting followers. Its comparative simplicity offered an appealing alternative to the complex rituals of the Vedic religion.
Historical Background of Jainism
Jainism traces its origins to twenty-four Tirthankaras, legendary spiritual teachers. Among them, the historicity of the last two, Parsvanatha and Mahavira, is confirmed by Buddhist sources. Let's take a closer look at these Tirthankaras:
- Adinath (Rishabhdev): Adinath, the first Tirthankara, is revered as the founder of the Ikshvaku dynasty.
- Ajita: Ajita is the second Tirthankara, contributing to the early development of Jainism.
- Neminatha: Neminatha, the twenty-second Tirthankara, played a crucial role in the faith's evolution.
- Parsvanatha: The twenty-third Tirthankara, Parsvanatha, believed in the eternity of matter and advocated asceticism. His followers wore white garments.
- Mahavira: The twenty-fourth Tirthankara, known as Vardhamana Mahavira, was born in 540 BC in Kundagrama, near Vaishali, Bihar. Mahavira's journey to enlightenment and his subsequent teachings are central to Jainism's development.
Life and Teachings of Mahavira
Mahavira's life and teachings form the cornerstone of Jainism:
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Birth: Mahavira was born in Kundagrama, a suburb of Vaishali, in 540 BC. His parents were Siddhartha, the head of the Jnatrikas (a Kshatriya clan), and Trishala, a Lichchavi princess. Renunciation: At the age of thirty, Vardhamana left his home and embraced an ascetic life. For twelve years, he endured severe austerities, reflecting his deep commitment to his spiritual journey. Attainment of Supreme Knowledge: In the 13th year of his asceticism, at the age of 42, Mahavira attained the "Supreme Knowledge," marking the beginning of his role as a spiritual teacher. Titles: He was later known as "Mahavira" (the supreme hero) or "Jina" (the conqueror). He was also hailed as "Nirgrantha." Preachings: For the next thirty years, Mahavira traversed the regions of Kosala, Magadha, and beyond, spreading his doctrines. He emphasized the importance of non-violence and other moral virtues. Patronage: Mahavira often visited the courts of kings like Bimbisara and Ajatasatru, which facilitated the spread of Jainism. Death: Mahavira passed away in Pawa, near Rajagriha, at the age of 72 (468 BC). |
Jain Councils
In the history of Jainism, several councils played a pivotal role in preserving and codifying the teachings of Mahavira. Two notable Jain councils are:
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First Jain Council (around 300 BC): |
Second Jain Council (512 AD): |
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Venue: Pataliputra (Bihar) Presided by: Sthulibhadra Patronage: Chandragupta Maurya Outcome: Sthulabhadra divided the Jaina canon into 12 'angas' or sections, and they were compiled. |
Venue: Vallabhi (Gujarat) Presided by: Devardhigani Kshemasarmana Patronage: N/A Outcome: New additions were made in the form of "upangas" or minor sections. |
The decisions and compilations made in these councils helped in preserving and organizing the Jain scriptures.
Teachings of Mahavira
Mahavira's teachings primarily aimed at achieving liberation from the cycle of birth, life, pain, misery, and death, ultimately attaining a state of permanent bliss known as Moksha. Central to his teachings are the Pancha Mahavratas, the five vows that Jain monks adhere to:
- Ahimsa: Non-violence.
- Satya: Truthfulness.
- Asteya: Non-stealing.
- Aparigraha: Non-possessiveness.
- Brahmacharya: Chastity or celibacy for monks.
These vows guide the conduct of Jain monks and form the moral foundation of Jainism. Mahavira accepted most of the religious doctrines laid down by Parsvanatha and added the fifth vow of chastity. Householders, in addition to these vows, followed an extended set of vows called Anuvratas.
Mahavira's teachings were centered around the soul (jiva) and matter (ajiva) as the fundamental elements of existence. He believed that the soul is trapped by past desires, and liberation can be achieved through a life of purity, virtue, and renunciation.
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Jainism introduced the concept of Ratnatraya, the "Three Jewels," as a guide to achieving liberation:
Mahavira's teachings emphasized that individuals create their own destiny and can attain Moksha by leading a life of purity, virtue, and renunciation. The path to liberation required a life of severe asceticism and extreme penance.
Doctrine of Syadvada and Anekantavada
Jainism incorporates two key philosophical doctrines:
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Syadvada (Theory of Judgment): |
Anekantavada: |
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Syadvada is the belief that all ordinary knowledge is inherently partial and relative to particular points of view. This concept asserts that identity and difference both exist in reality, a perspective rooted in intellectual humility. |
Anekantavada posits that ultimate truth is multifaceted and possesses multiple aspects. It is a doctrine of non-absolutism, emphasizing intellectual ahimsa, religious pluralism, and a rejection of fanaticism. Anekantavada encourages a nuanced and open-minded approach to understanding reality. |
Sects of Jainism
The Jain tradition has evolved into two major sects, Svetambara and Digambara, which are distinguished by their beliefs, practices, and attire:
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Svetambaras: |
Digambaras: |
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These sects emerged as a result of historical schisms and differing interpretations of Jain doctrine. They maintain distinct traditions and practices, adding to the diversity within the Jain community.
Spread of Jainism to Other Parts of India
Jainism spread to various parts of India during and after Mahavira's lifetime. Several factors facilitated this expansion:
- Contribution of Mahavira: Mahavira's active propagation of his teachings and his simple, ascetic lifestyle attracted people to Jainism.
- Role of Jain Monks: Jain monks played a crucial role in spreading the faith through scholarly discussions, personal examples of simplicity, and spiritual guidance.
- Royal Patronage: Many rulers and kings, including Chandragupta Maurya, embraced Jainism, providing royal patronage and support for its growth.
Jainism's influence extended across India, with Mathura and Ujjain becoming prominent centers during the early centuries of the Common Era. The migration of Jain scholars and communities to different regions contributed to the religion's broader appeal.
Relevance of Jain Ideology in Today's World
The teachings and principles of Jainism remain highly relevant in the contemporary world:
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PRELIMS Which of the following statements is/are applicable to Jain doctrine?
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3 Ans-d |
- Anekantavada and Non-Violence: Anektavada's emphasis on intellectual humility and the principle of non-violence, ahimsa, are valuable in today's world, particularly in the quest for global peace and harmony. In an era of nuclear weapons and increasing conflicts, the principle of non-violence gains heightened significance.
- Aparigraha: The concept of Aparigraha, non-possessiveness, can help individuals curb consumerism and materialism, promoting a more sustainable and mindful lifestyle.
- Empowerment of Women: Jainism's recognition of women's potential to attain liberation challenges traditional gender norms. In the modern world, these teachings can foster gender equality and women's empowerment.
- Ratnatraya: The three jewels of right belief, knowledge, and conduct provide a moral compass that is relevant in today's complex and dynamic world.
Jainism's core values, rooted in truth, non-violence, and spiritual pursuit, continue to inspire individuals seeking a path to enlightenment and a harmonious existence. In an age marked by complexity and conflict, Jainism offers timeless wisdom for a more peaceful and balanced world.
