India and Sovereign Bonds.

Masala Bonds: Spice in Global Capital Markets

Definition and Origin: Masala bonds refer to debt instruments issued in global capital markets outside India by international financial institutions. These funds are then lent to Indian companies. The term "Masala" is derived from an Indian word for spices and was used by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) to evoke the cultural richness of India. Similar terms for international bonds include Samurai (Japan) and Dim Sum (Chinese). The first Masala bond was issued by IFC in 2014.

Issuers and Purpose:

1. International Financial Institutions:
• Masala bonds are typically issued by well-rated international financial institutions like IFC.
• The funds raised through these bonds are then lent to Indian companies.
2. Indian Corporate Borrowers:
• Indian corporates, including HDFC, NTPC, and Indiabulls Housing Finance, have utilized Masala bonds to raise funds.

Mechanics of Masala Bonds:

1. Issuance to Global Investors:
• Bonds are issued to global investors by international financial institutions.
• Investors buy in foreign currency, and their returns are also in foreign currency with interest.
2. Conversion and Lending:
• The financial institution converts the foreign currency into Indian rupees.
• The converted funds are then lent to Indian companies based on agreed terms such as the lending period and interest rate.
3. Rupee Repayment:
• Indian companies repay the loans with interest in rupees.
• The rupee repayment is converted back into foreign currency and used to service the global investors who lent in foreign currency.

Advantages:

1. Mitigating Currency Risk:
• Indian companies are shielded from the volatility of the Indian rupee in the forex market.
• Foreign investors take on the currency risk.
2. Cost of Borrowing:
• Masala bonds, denominated in rupees, offer a lower cost of borrowing compared to domestic markets.

Objectives: Masala bonds contribute to:

1. Internationalizing the Indian Rupee:
• The issuance of rupee-denominated bonds helps in the internationalization of the Indian currency.
2. Currency Convertibility:
• Working towards making the rupee more convertible.
3. Financial System Development:
• Contributing to the deepening of the Indian financial system.

Comparison with ECBs: Before Masala bonds, Indian corporates primarily relied on External Commercial Borrowings (ECBs), which posed challenges due to repayments and interest being in foreign currency, exposing borrowers to exchange rate risks.

Masala bonds provide an innovative financing option, offering a hedge against currency fluctuations and contributing to India's financial market development.

Sovereign Bonds for India: A Shift in Policy

Background: In the Union Budget 2019-20, a significant policy shift was proposed for the Indian Government to borrow funds from overseas markets in foreign currencies. Historically, the Indian government had only issued bonds in the domestic market in rupees, and this move marked a departure from the traditional approach.

Reasons for Considering Sovereign Bonds:

1. Diversification of Funding Sources:
• Seeking funds from overseas markets provides a diversification of funding sources for the Indian government.
2. Pressure on Domestic Liquidity:
• Issuing bonds in foreign currencies eases the pressure on domestic liquidity, preventing a strain on domestic financial resources.
3. Mitigating 'Crowding-Out' Effect:
• The move aims to prevent the 'crowding-out effect,' where increased government borrowing in the domestic market competes with the private sector for available funds, potentially driving up interest rates.
4. Cost of Credit:
• Borrowing in foreign currency can be cost-effective due to potentially lower interest rates in international markets.
5. Access to Foreign Currency:
• The issuance of sovereign bonds allows the country to acquire foreign currency, which can be beneficial for various purposes, including managing external obligations.

Cautionary Considerations:

1. Impression of Dried-Up Domestic Credit:
• There is a concern that resorting to foreign currency borrowing might create an impression that domestic credit sources are insufficient.
2. Foreign Currency Risk:
• The risk associated with foreign currency borrowing is that if the Indian rupee depreciates significantly, the government may end up paying more in terms of domestic currency to service the debt.
3. Global Economic Vulnerability:
• India's vulnerability to global economic risks is a concern, especially given the twin deficits (current account deficit and fiscal deficit).
4. Potential for Increased Borrowing:
• There is a cautious view that once the government initiates overseas bond issues, there might be a tendency to borrow more, potentially leading to a sovereign debt crisis.

Historical Context: India has traditionally avoided large-scale foreign currency borrowing, even during critical economic situations such as the balance of payments crisis in 1991.

Conclusion: The proposal to issue sovereign bonds reflects a strategic shift in policy, aiming to leverage international financial markets for cost-effective funding. However, cautious considerations highlight the need for a balanced approach to manage potential risks associated with foreign currency borrowing. The decision involves a delicate balance between tapping global markets for advantages and ensuring the stability and resilience of the domestic financial system.

Sovereign Debt Crisis (SDC): Understanding the Challenge

Definition and Context: A Sovereign Debt Crisis (SDC) refers to the challenges faced by a nation in servicing the loans it has acquired from foreign sources in foreign currency. Nations typically resort to external borrowing to finance imports, service external loans, and fulfill other international financial obligations. However, utilizing foreign currency for internal purposes can lead to difficulties, as the borrower cannot print foreign currency and must rely on healthy foreign inflows and exports to meet obligations.

Characteristics of SDC:

1. Foreign Currency Dependence:
• SDC arises when a nation heavily relies on foreign currency for internal purposes, and its ability to service foreign debt is constrained by factors such as limited foreign exchange reserves and insufficient foreign inflows.
2. Limited Capacity for Printing Currency:
• Unlike domestic currency, foreign currency cannot be printed by the borrower. It must be earned through exports and other favorable foreign transactions.