The Rowlatt Act, passed by the British colonial government in 1919, was a repressive legislation that greatly curtailed civil liberties in India. It allowed for the detention of individuals without trial and restricted the freedom of the press. The Act was seen as a direct assault on the rights and liberties of the Indian people.

• In response to the Rowlatt Act, Mahatma Gandhi launched the Rowlatt Satyagraha Sabha in February 1919. The members of this Sabha took a vow to defy the Act and willingly face arrest and imprisonment. This marked a shift in the nationalist movement's tactics.
• Prior to the emergence of satyagraha, the nationalist movement primarily relied on methods such as agitation, large meetings, demonstrations, boycotts, and individual acts of terrorism. Satyagraha, on the other hand, introduced a new way of fighting for freedom and justice. It was a form of nonviolent resistance that emphasized truth, moral courage, and the willingness to suffer for a just cause.
• Through satyagraha, Gandhi aimed to mobilize the masses and awaken their consciousness to the injustices of British rule. He believed in the power of nonviolence and passive resistance as a means to bring about social and political change. Satyagraha elevated the nationalist movement to a new level by providing a cohesive and principled framework for protest and resistance.
• The Rowlatt Satyagraha, despite being suppressed by the British authorities, had a significant impact on the Indian freedom struggle. It galvanized the Indian masses and brought attention to the oppressive nature of colonial rule. Satyagraha became a powerful tool in the hands of Indian nationalists and played a pivotal role in shaping the nonviolent resistance movement that ultimately led to India's independence.

Rowlatt Satyagraha – Background

The Rowlatt Satyagraha, also known as the Rowlatt Movement, was a mass protest campaign led by Mahatma Gandhi against the repressive Rowlatt Act passed by the British government in 1919. The Act granted the colonial authorities sweeping powers to suppress political dissent and curtail civil liberties in India. Here is a summary of the background and events surrounding the Rowlatt Satyagraha:

• Discontent with Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms: The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, introduced in 1919, aimed to introduce limited self-government in India. However, the reforms fell short of Indian expectations for more substantial political rights and self-rule. Indians felt betrayed after their significant contributions to the British war effort during World War I.
• Enactment of the Rowlatt Act: The Rowlatt Act was passed by the British authorities in response to growing nationalist sentiment in India. It granted the government the power to arrest and detain individuals without trial, curbing civil liberties such as freedom of expression and assembly. Indians perceived the Act as a severe infringement on their rights and as a betrayal by the British.
• Gandhi's Opposition: Mahatma Gandhi vehemently opposed the Rowlatt Act and called it the "Black Act." He argued that it violated the principles of justice and individual freedom, as it punished everyone for the actions of a few. Gandhi saw the Act as an embodiment of repressive colonial rule and called for a mass protest to challenge it.
• Formation of Satyagraha Sabha: In response to the Rowlatt Act, Gandhi convened the Rowlatt Satyagraha Sabha, a gathering of individuals committed to nonviolent resistance against the Act. The Sabha aimed to mobilize the masses and garner support for the upcoming protest.
• Planned Satyagraha and Violent Demonstrations: The Satyagraha was scheduled to be launched on April 6, 1919. However, before the protest could begin, large-scale violent demonstrations erupted in cities like Calcutta, Bombay, Delhi, and Ahmedabad. The situation escalated, particularly in Punjab, due to wartime repression, forced recruitment, and the ravages of disease.
• Army Intervention and Violent Repression: The British authorities, alarmed by the scale of the unrest, called in the Army to maintain order. The situation in Punjab turned particularly volatile, leading to what is known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. On April 13, 1919, troops under the command of General Reginald Dyer opened fire on a peaceful gathering of protesters in Amritsar, resulting in the death of hundreds and injuring thousands.

The Rowlatt Satyagraha marked a significant turning point in India's struggle for independence. It highlighted the oppressive nature of colonial rule and the determination of Indians to fight for their rights and freedom. Despite the violent suppression of the movement, it galvanized the Indian nationalist movement and paved the way for future mass protests and nonviolent resistance campaigns led by Mahatma Gandhi.

Rowlatt Satyagraha – Features

The Rowlatt Satyagraha introduced several key features and strategies in the Indian nationalist movement. Here are the main features of the Rowlatt Satyagraha:

• Shift from Verbal Dissent to Action: The Rowlatt Satyagraha marked a shift from merely expressing dissatisfaction and anger to taking concrete actions against the repressive Rowlatt Act. It emphasized the importance of actively challenging unjust laws and policies.
• Transformation of the National Congress: The Rowlatt Satyagraha led to the transformation of the Indian National Congress from a platform for discussion and agitation into a political action organization. The Congress began actively organizing protests, strikes, and civil disobedience campaigns.
• Inclusion of Peasants, Artisans, and Urban Poor: The movement recognized the importance of including a broader cross-section of society in the struggle for independence. Peasants, artisans, and the urban poor started playing a significant role in the nationalist movement, highlighting the importance of their grievances and aspirations.
• Orientation towards Masses: The Rowlatt Satyagraha permanently shifted the orientation of the national movement towards the masses. It recognized the power and agency of the common people in bringing about change and sought to mobilize them in the struggle for freedom.
• Emphasis on Political Support of the Poor: The movement recognized the political support of the poor as crucial for achieving independence. Gandhi directed of nationalist workers to engage with the rural population, aiming to awaken their political consciousness and gain their support.
• Symbolism of Khadi: Gandhi popularized the use of khadi, or hand-spun and handwoven cloth, as a symbol of self-reliance, the dignity of labour, and resistance to British-made goods. Khadi became the uniform of the nationalists and represented their commitment to self-sufficiency and independence.
• Emphasis on Dignity of Labor: Gandhi's personal example of spinning khadi every day emphasized the dignity of labour and the value of self-sufficiency. It aimed to inspire self-reliance and foster a sense of pride in Indian traditions and craftsmanship.
• Forms of Protest: The Rowlatt Satyagraha employed various forms of protest, including nationwide strikes (hartal) accompanied by fasting and prayer. Civil disobedience against specific laws was also practised, with individuals willingly risking arrest and imprisonment to challenge unjust policies.

The Rowlatt Satyagraha marked a significant shift in the strategy and direction of the Indian nationalist movement. It expanded the participation of different sections of society, emphasized mass mobilization, and introduced nonviolent methods of resistance that would shape future struggles for independence.

• The Rowlatt Satyagraha in March and April 1919 marked a significant turning point in India's struggle for independence. The movement witnessed widespread hartals, strikes, and protests across the country, with people from all walks of life coming together in a united front. The spirit of unity between Hindus and Muslims was particularly notable during this period.
• The events of the Rowlatt Satyagraha demonstrated that the Indian people had awakened to their political consciousness and were no longer willing to accept the oppressive conditions of foreign rule. The widespread participation and mass mobilization reflected the growing determination and resilience of the Indian population in their pursuit of freedom and self-rule.
• The Rowlatt Satyagraha brought about a transformation in the nationalist movement, shifting its focus from mere agitation to active resistance and civil disobedience. It laid the groundwork for future struggles and movements that would ultimately lead to India's independence.
• The events of 1919 served as a powerful reminder that the Indian people, united and determined, would no longer tolerate subjugation and demanded their rights and dignity. The political awakening during this period set the stage for the subsequent freedom movement, which would see India emerge as a sovereign nation.

Overall, the Rowlatt Satyagraha represented a crucial chapter in India's journey towards independence, demonstrating the resolve of the Indian people and their collective determination to challenge foreign rule and shape their own destiny.