• Transportation is an organized service industry created to satisfy the basic needs of society. It includes transport arteries, vehicles to carry people and goods and the organization to maintain arteries and to handle loading, unloading and delivery. 

Transportation

• Transportation is a service or facility designed for the movement of people and goods from one location to another, utilizing various means such as humans, animals, and different types of vehicles.
• A network of several places (nodes) connected by a series of routes (links) forms a transportation pattern. This pattern can be expanded to encompass various types of links between points, facilitating mobility.
• Transportation occurs across land, water, and air. Land transport includes roadways and railways, while water transport and air transport constitute the other two modes.

Modes of Transportation

• The primary modes of global transportation—land, water, air, and pipelines—serve both inter-regional and intra-regional transport needs, catering to both passengers and freight (excluding pipelines).
• The choice of a transportation mode depends on factors such as the type of goods and services to be transported, the associated transport costs, and the available modes.

Land Transport

• The primary mode of transporting goods and services occurs over land. Initially, humans served as carriers, later supplemented by animals. 
• The advent of railways played a pivotal role, opening up continental interiors for commercial activities such as grain farming, mining, and manufacturing, particularly in the United States of America (USA). 
• Land transportation has evolved to include pipelines, ropeways, and cableways for the movement of liquids like mineral oil, water, sludge, and sewers.

Roadways

• Road transport is considered the most cost-effective for short distances compared to railways. Developed countries boast universal access to high-quality roads, including motorways, autobahns (in Germany), and inter-state highways that facilitate swift movement. 
• The global motorable road length is approximately 15 million km, with North America contributing 33%—a region with the highest road density and the largest number of registered vehicles. In terms of road length, the USA, India, and China rank first, second, and third worldwide.

Highways

• Highways are metalled roads connecting distant places, designed for unobstructed vehicular movement. 
• Typically, highways are 80 m wide, featuring separate traffic lanes, bridges, flyovers, and dual carriageways to ensure uninterrupted traffic flow. Developed countries establish extensive highway networks, linking every city and port town.
•  North America exhibits high highway density, approximately 0.65 km per sq km, ensuring every place is within 20 km of a highway. Notable highways include the Trans Canadian Highway, the Alaskan Highway, the Pan-American Highway, and US Highway 20.

Distribution of Highways in the world

• Europe, with a significant number of vehicles and a well-developed highway network, faces competition from railways and waterways.
• In Russia, a dense highway network extends from the industrialized region west of the Urals, with Moscow serving as the hub. 
• The Trans-Siberian Highway, ranking fifth globally, traverses Russia from the Baltic Sea to the Sea of Japan, covering a vast width of the country. Also known as AH6, it forms a grid of national highways and is a critical transport route in Russia.
• The expansive road network includes remarkable routes that span thousands of kilometers, facilitating connectivity and transportation across various countries.
• Trans-Siberian Highway Stretching over 11,000 km from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok, the Trans-Siberian Highway holds the distinction of being the longest continuous road within a single country.

China National Highway G010

• China boasts an extensive highway system, with National Highway G010 spanning 5,700 km from Tongjiang in Heilongjiang to Sanya in Hainan. This highway traverses provinces like Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong.
• China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)  A strategic infrastructure project, CPEC covers a 3,000 km route connecting China's Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region to the Gwadar port in Balochistan, Pakistan. The bilateral initiative aims to enhance connectivity through highways, railways, pipelines, and various development projects.
• Indian Highways India boasts an extensive highway network, with National Highway No. 44 (NH 44) being the longest, connecting Kashmir to Kanyakumari.
• The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) links major metropolitan cities, including New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, and Hyderabad.
• African Highways In Africa, a notable highway links Algiers in Algeria to Conakry in Guinea. Additionally, the Algiers-Conakry Highway connects the two cities, providing crucial connectivity.
• Australian Highways Australia features a well-connected highway system, with Australian Highway 1 spanning 14,500 km and connecting coastal areas. Stuart Highway, the longest in Australia, covers 2,834 km, linking Darwin in the Northern Territory to Port Augusta in South Australia.

Border Roads

• International boundary areas often have border roads, essential for integrating remote communities with major cities and supporting defense efforts.

Railways 

• Railways serve as a crucial mode of land transport for both goods and passengers. The railway network varies in gauge size, with Europe boasting one of the most dense rail networks globally, covering approximately 440,000 km.
• Europe The first public railway line opened in 1825 between Stockton and Darlington in Northern England. Different countries adopt various gauges, including broad, standard, meter, and small gauges, with the standard gauge being prevalent in the UK. Europe's extensive rail network includes key railheads in London, Paris, Brussels, Milan, Berlin, and Warsaw, with Belgium having the highest railway density.
• North America boasts one of the world's most extensive rail networks, accounting for nearly 40% of the global total. The densest rail network is found in the highly industrialized and urbanized East-Central USA and adjoining Canada.
• South America's rail network is most concentrated in two regions: the Pampas of Argentina and the coffee-growing region of Brazil, contributing to 40% of the continent's total route length.
• In Asia, the rail network is densest in the densely populated areas of Japan, China, and India. Notably, China's Xining to Lhasa route reaches an altitude of 4,000 m above sea level, with the highest point at 5,072 m.
• Africa, the second-largest continent, has only 40,000 km of railways, with South Africa alone accounting for 18,000 km due to the concentration of mining activities in gold, diamonds, and copper.

• Trans-Siberian Railway (9,332 km): Connects the Pacific coast in Russia (East) to St. Petersburg (near European borders) in the West.
• Trans-Canadian Railway (7,050 km): Connects Halifax in the East to Vancouver on the Pacific coast, linking key cities like Montreal, Ottawa, Winnipeg, and Calgary.
• Canadian National Railway: Canada's largest railway spanning approximately 32,831 km of track.
• Union and Pacific Railway: Connects New York to San Francisco, transporting valuable exports like ores, grain, paper, chemicals, and machinery.
• Australian Trans-Continental Railway: Connects Perth on the West coast to Sydney on the East coast, passing through key cities like Kalgoorlie, Broken Hill, and Port Augusta.
• Orient Express: Connects Paris to Istanbul, facilitating the export of cheese, bacon, oats, wine, fruits, and machinery.
• Trans-Andean Railways: Connects Valparaiso to Buenos Aires, serving as the most important rail route in South America.
• Northern Trans-Continental Railway: Connects Seattle to New York, playing a crucial role in the USA's rail network.
• Mid Trans-Continental Railway: Runs between San Francisco and New York.
• South Trans-Continental Railway: Connects Los Angeles to New York, contributing significantly to the USA's rail infrastructure.
• Cape to Cairo Railway: Connects Cape Town to Cairo, serving as a vital rail link in Africa.
• Beijing-Canton Railway: Connects Beijing to Canton, covering a distance of 2,350 km and ranking as one of China's most important railways.
• Trans-Asian Railway Network Agreement: An agreement signed on November 10, 2006, by 17 Asian nations as part of a collaborative effort to enhance rail connectivity across the continent.
• The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) has embarked on an ambitious initiative to establish a trans-continental railway network connecting Europe with Pacific ports in China. 
• Commonly referred to as the Iron Silk Road, a nod to the historical Silk Road trade routes, this project was initiated by UNESCAP's Transport and Tourism Division in 1992 under the banner of the Asian Land Transport Infrastructure Development project. The agreement formally took effect on June 11, 2009.
• This trans-continental rail network is set to traverse India through the Myanmar border, passing through Bangladesh and re-entering India near Zede, extending beyond the Indian border near Atari. Drawing parallels with the rail link connecting Paris and Istanbul in Europe, the Trans-Asian Railway (TAR) treaty aims to link India with 28 countries across Asia and Europe. As of now, this treaty has received approval from India, China, Russia, South Korea, Mongolia, Ethiopia, Thailand, Cambodia, and Tajikistan.

The Yiwu-London Railway Line

• The Yiwu-London Railway Line, a significant component of the New Eurasian Land Bridge, spans approximately 12,000 km, making it the second-longest railway freight route globally, following the Yiwu-Madrid railway line. Part of the One Belt, One Road policy, this project contributes to the establishment of a modern-day Silk Road.

Pipelines

• Pipelines play a crucial role in transporting liquids and gases globally, such as water, petroleum, and natural gas. 
• Networks of pipelines facilitate the transportation of cooking gas (LPG) and liquefied coal in various parts of the world. In the USA, a dense network of oil pipelines connects producing areas to consuming regions, while in Europe, Russia, West Asia, and India, pipelines link oil wells to refineries and ports or domestic markets. 
• Turkmenistan in Central Asia has extended pipelines to Iran and other parts of China. A proposed Iran-India via Pakistan international oil and natural gas pipeline is anticipated to become the world's longest upon completion.

Druzhba Pipeline

• The Druzhba Pipeline, meaning "friendship," stands as one of the largest crude oil pipeline networks, spanning approximately 5,500 km. This extensive system supplies oil from Russia to both Eastern and Western European countries, running from Almetyevsk in Central Russia to Schwedt in Northern Germany. With over 20 pumping stations along the route, the construction of this pipeline, owned by the Russian state-owned company Transneft, amounted to approximately $5.92 million.
• The Trans-Arabian Pipeline, also known as Tapline, is a crude oil pipeline in South-Western Asia connecting OPEC countries like Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait. Stretching over 1,720 km, it runs from Al-Dammam on the Persian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia to Sidon, Lebanon, on the Mediterranean Sea.

Nord Stream Pipelines

• The Nord Stream Pipelines comprise two underwater gas pipelines. Nord Stream 1, completed in 2011, spans 1,224 km from Vyborg in North-West Russia to Lubmin in North-Eastern Germany via the Baltic Sea. Nord Stream 2, finished in September 2021, runs from Ust-Luga in Leningrad to Lubmin, with a capacity to handle 55 billion cubic meters of gas annually once operational.

Motihari-Amlekhgunj Pipeline (India-Nepal Pipeline)

• The Motihari-Amlekhgunj Pipeline marks South Asia's inaugural cross-border petroleum products pipeline between India and Nepal. 
• Covering a distance of 69 km, it transports petroleum products from Motihari in India to Amlekhgunj in Nepal, with a capacity of 2 million metric tonnes per annum, promoting cleaner and affordable energy in Nepal and strengthening India-Nepal bilateral ties.

Sino-Myanmar Pipelines

• The Sino-Myanmar pipelines link Myanmar's deep water port of Kyaukphyu in the Bay of Bengal to Kunming in Yunnan province, China. 
• Completed in August 2014, the oil and natural gas pipelines run in parallel, passing through key locations in Myanmar before entering China at the border city of Ruili.

Iran-Oman-India Pipeline

• The South Asia Gas Enterprise Private Limited (SAGE) is constructing the Iran-Oman-India pipeline to meet India's growing energy demands. This underwater natural gas pipeline is intended to bring Iranian natural gas to India via Oman, providing a more direct route and supporting India's energy needs.

Iran-Pakistan Gas Pipeline (Peace Pipeline)

• Also known as the Peace Pipeline or IP Gas, the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline is an ongoing project covering a distance of 2,775 km. 
• Originally proposed in the 1990s, it aimed to deliver natural gas from Iran to Pakistan, with an additional 600 km extension to India.
•  India withdrew from the project in 2009, citing concerns with gas pricing and pipeline security in conflict-prone areas like Balochistan.

Important Pipelines of the world

Several pivotal pipelines contribute to the global energy network, including:

• Big Inch Pipeline: Among the oldest petroleum pipelines, the Big Inch Pipeline spans from Texas to New Jersey in the USA, transporting petroleum products from Texas oil fields to the North-Eastern United States.
• Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline (TAPI): Also known as the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India pipeline, TAPI is a proposed natural gas pipeline developed with the assistance of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). It aims to transport Caspian Sea natural gas from Turkmenistan through Afghanistan into Pakistan and eventually to India.
• Keystone Pipeline: Originating in Alberta, Canada, and terminating in Illinois and Oklahoma, USA, the Keystone Pipeline plays a crucial role in the transportation of shale oil across the North American continent. It reduces the dependence on non-North American oil sources.
• ESPO Pipeline: Commencing in Russia and concluding in China, with potential delivery to Japan, the Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean Oil Pipeline (ESPO) strengthens China's strategic partnership with Russia by accessing its energy reserves. The exclusion of Japan may further enhance the China-Russia collaboration.

Water Transport

Water transportation offers unique advantages:

• No need for route construction; port facilities at the two ends suffice.
• Oceans are interconnected, facilitating navigation with vessels of various sizes.
• Cost-effectiveness due to lower friction in water compared to land, resulting in lower energy costs.

Sea Routes

• Oceans serve as smooth highways with no maintenance costs.
• Transformation into navigable routes by sea-going vessels is a key human adaptation to the environment.
• Ocean transport is a cost-effective means for hauling bulky materials over long distances between continents.
• Modern passenger liners and cargo ships are equipped with radar, wireless, and navigation aids, enhancing efficiency and safety.

Important Sea Routes

Coastal Shipping

• It is a convenient mode of transportation with long coastlines.
• Shenzhen in Europe are most suitably placed in coastal shipping connecting one member's cos with the other.

Shipping Canals

• The Suez and the Panama Canals are two vital man-made navigation canals or waterways, which serve as gateways of commerce for both the East and Western worlds.

The Suez Canal

• Constructed in 1869, the Suez Canal in Egypt links Port Said in the North to Port Suez in the South, providing a vital connection between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. This sea level canal spans approximately 160 km and has a depth of 11 to 15 m, eliminating the need for locks.
• By creating a new gateway to the Indian Ocean, the Suez Canal significantly shortens the direct sea-route distance between Liverpool and Colombo compared to the Cape of Good Hope route. Additionally, a navigable freshwater canal from the Nile joins the Suez Canal in Ismailia, supplying fresh water to Port Said and Suez.
• In 2015, Egypt announced plans to expand the Suez Canal further, with the goal of reducing waiting times and doubling the number of ships that can use the canal daily by 2023. This expansion includes 72 km of new channels and bypasses, deepening the main waterway.
• The Suez Canal plays a pivotal role in Egypt's economy, contributing significantly to its income. In the past year alone, Egypt earned US$ 5.61 billion in revenues from this strategic waterway.

Main Canals of the World 

The Panama Canal

• It connects the Atlantic ocean in the East Pacific ocean in the West.
•  It has been constructed across the Panama Isthmus between Panama city and Colon by the US Government, which purchased 8 km of area on either side and named it the canal zone.
• It is about 72 km long and involves a very deep cutting for a length of 12 km.
• It shortens the distance between New York and San Francisco by 13,000 km by sea.
• The economic significance of this canal is relatively less than that of the Suez. However, it is vital to the economies of Latin America.

Other Important Canals

Ports

• Ports are the primary gateways of international trade, serving as crucial hubs for docking, loading, unloading, and cargo storage. To ensure these functions, port authorities manage navigable channels, organize tugs and barges, and provide labor and managerial services. The quantity of cargo handled by a port reflects the development level of its hinterland.

Posts on the basis of location are classified as

• Inland Ports: Located away from the sea coast, linked to the sea through rivers or canals. Examples include Manchester, Memphis, and ports along the Rhine.
• Out Ports: Deep-water ports built away from the actual ports, serving parent ports by receiving large ships. Examples include Athens and Piraeus in Greece.

Specialized Functions:

• Oil Ports: Dealing in the processing and shipping of oil, including tanker ports and refinery ports.
• Ports of Call: Historically developed ports used for refueling, watering, and obtaining food items. Examples include Aden, Honolulu, and Singapore.
• Packet Station: Also known as ferry ports, concerned with transporting passengers and mail across short distances.
• Entrepot Ports: Collection centers where goods are brought from different countries for export, like Singapore, Rotterdam, and Copenhagen.
• Naval Ports: Ports of strategic importance serving warships with repair workshops, such as Kochi and Karwar in India.

Important Ports with Their Countries:

• Santos: Brazil (Coffee port of the world)
• Auckland: New Zealand
• Lisbon: Portugal
• Brisbane: Australia
• Montreal: Canada
• Boston: USA
• Marseilles: France
• Port Said: Egypt
• Chicago: USA
• Rio de Janeiro: Brazil
• Dar-es-Salaam: Tanzania
• Shanghai: China (Busiest port of the world)
• Sydney: Australia
• Havana: Cuba
• Vancouver: Canada
• Hamburg: Germany
• Zanzibar: Tanzania
• Los Angeles: USA

Inland waterways

• Waterways, including rivers, canals, lakes, and coastal areas, have served as vital transportation routes throughout history. The development of inland waterways depends on factors such as the navigability of the channel, its width and depth, the continuity of water flow, and the technology employed for transportation.

• In densely forested regions, rivers become the primary means of transport, facilitating the movement of heavy cargo like coal, cement, timber, and metallic ores. Despite inherent limitations, efforts have been made to enhance river navigability through dredging, stabilizing river banks, and constructing dams and barrages to regulate water flow.

Important Inland Waterways:

Air Transport:

• Air transport is the fastest means, often the only way to reach inaccessible areas.
• Favored for long-distance passenger and valuable cargo trade.
• Overcomes geographical challenges like mountainous snow fields and inhospitable deserts.
• Infrastructure for aircraft manufacturing and operations includes hangars, landing facilities, fueling stations, and maintenance facilities.
• Noteworthy airstrikes in Iraq demonstrate the strategic importance of air transport.
• Key air corporations in the USA include United Airlines, World Airlines, Pan-American Airlines, and Eastern Airlines.
• The International Air Transport Association (IATA) represents 280 airlines, contributing to 33% of total air traffic, influencing aviation policy.

Inter-Continental Air Route:

• New York-London-Paris-Rome-Cairo-Delhi-Kolkata-Hong Kong-Tokyo
• New York-San Francisco-Honolulu-Hong Kong-Adelaide-Perth

Continental Air Route:

• New York-Chicago-Montreal Route
• London-Frankfurt-Warsaw-Moscow
• London-Paris-Frankfurt-Prague-Warsaw
• Delhi-Kolkata-Hong Kong-Tokyo

National Air Route:

• New York-Chicago-San Francisco
• St Petersburg-Moscow-Tashkent
• Delhi-Mumbai-Chennai
• Delhi-Kanpur-Patna-Kolkata

• Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (USA) is the world's busiest airport.

Aircraft Companies:

• Airbus (France), Boeing (USA), Bombardier (Canada), Embraer (Brazil), Tupolev (Russia).
• Tupolev, part of the United Aircraft Corporation after merging with five other companies, is based in Moscow, Russia.

Communication:

• Communication is the process of conveying messages to others, with historical methods including the telegraph and telephone. During the mid-20th century, the American Telegraph and Telephone (AT&T) company held a monopoly on the USA's telephone industry.
• In developing countries, cell phones leverage satellites for rural connectivity. The telecommunication sector has seen rapid development and competition, marked by the breakthrough use of Optic Fiber Cables (OFCs). Major telephone companies worldwide upgraded their copper cable systems to include optic fiber cables, enabling rapid, secure, and virtually error-free data transmission.
• The digitization of information in the 1990s led to the integration of telecommunication with computers, forming integrated networks known as the internet.

Satellite Communication:

• Satellite communication emerged in communication technology in the 1970s after the USA and the former USSR pioneered space research. Artificial satellites in Earth's orbit connect even remote corners globally with limited onsite verification.

• Satellites have made the unit cost and time of communication invariant, making it equally cost-effective to communicate over 500 km or 5,000 km via satellite. India has made significant strides in satellite development, launching Aryabhatta, Bhaskar-I, Rohini, and Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment (APPLE).

Cyber Space: Internet:

• Cyberspace, the world of electronic computerized space encompassing the internet, including the World Wide Web, facilitates communication and information movement in computer networks without physical constraints between sender and receiver.

• The internet's rapid spread is unprecedented in human history, with less than 50 million users in 1995, about 400 million in 2000, and over 2 billion in 2010. Recent years have seen a shift in global users from the USA to developing countries.

Top 10 Internet Users of the World (2020-21):

• China - 765 million users
• India - 391 million users
• United States of America - 245 million users
• Brazil - 126 million users
• Japan - 116 million users
• Russia - 109 million users
• Mexico - 75.94 million users
• Germany - 73.43 million users
• Indonesia - 66.45 million users
• United Kingdom - 62.35 million users

Global Positioning System (GPS):

• Created by the US Department of Defense (DoD), GPS initially operated with 24 satellites and became fully operational in 1994.
• GPS is a space-based satellite navigation system providing location and time information about the Earth in all weather conditions.
• Maintained by the United States Government, GPS is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.

• The GPS programme provides critical information
• The GPS project was developed in 1973, to overcome the limitations of previous navigation stems, integrating ideas from several predecessors, including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. In line with GPS Indian Space Researches
• Organisation (ISRO) has developed the indigenous Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS).
• The United States was the first country to ntroduce satellite technology with the Global Positioning System (GPS).

Countries that Developed GPS Technology

Prelims facts

• North Atlantic sea route is busiest sea route in the world 

because it connects

- two major industrial zones of the world

[UPPSC (Pre) 2003]

• Shortest air-route from Perth to London

- Perth, Mumbai, Rome, London (IAS (Pre) 1994)

• To which country the airlines 'Lufthansa ' belongs to

- Germany [MPPSC (Pre) 2004)

• The sequence of the countries in terms of railway length in descending order is

- USA, Russia, China and India [UPPSC (Pre) 2014)

•  The Canadian Pacific Railway runs between

- Montreal and Vancouver |JPSC (Pre) 2013]

• Euro - tunnel for fast running trains joins

- England - France [RAS/RTS (Pre) 1997]

• World's largest rail-road tunnel Gotthard base tunnel is located in

- Switzerland [UPPSC (Mains) 2012]

•  Which country has the World's longest Network of Bullet train?

- China [UKPSC (Pre) 2016]

• In which Country, port Gwadar is located?

- Pakistan [JPSC (Pre) 2013]

• The name of Port City in Venezuela which has been developed as oil port is

- Maracaibo [IAS (Pre) 1999]

•  The Port of Igarka is located in Russia [UPPSC (Pre) 2016]
•  Who wrote the famous Periplus of the Erythraen sea?

- William H Schoff [BPSC (Pre) 2018]

•  Alexandria is a port located in?

- Egypt [UPPSC (Mains) 2007]

•  Where is the Port Diamond located ?

- South Africa [UPPSC (Pre) 2010]

•  Which port is known as the 'Coffee Port' of the world?

- Santos ILAS (Pre) 2000, MPPSC (Pre) 2015]

•  Between India and East Asia, the navigation time and distance can be reduced by

- opening a new Canal across the Kra Isthmus between Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea [UPPSC (Pre) 2011]

•  Trans-Canada Highway connects

- Saint John city to Vancouver [BPSC (Pre) 2018]

• World's longest rail-road tunnel Seikan is in

- Japan [UPPSC (Pre) 2012]

•  The inland waterway in Southern Germany is?

- Ludwing Canal [UPPSC (Pre) 2017]

Self Check

1. The Trans-Continental Stuart Highway runs between

(a) Darwin and Melbourne

(b) Edmonton and Anchorage

(c) Vancouver and St John's city

(d) Chengdu and Lhasa

2. Which one of the following cities is not located on the Trans-Siberian rail route?

UPPSC (Pre) 2019

(a) Kazan

(b) Omsk

(c) Sochi

(d) Chita

3. Euro tunnel for fast running trains joins RAS/RTS (Pre) 1997, UKPSC (Pre) 2015

(a) Holland - England

(b) England - France

(c) Belgium - Holland

(d) France - Luxembourg

4. The correct sequence in descending order of the given countries in terms of railway length in the world is

UPPSC (Pre) 2014

(a) India, USA, Germany, Canada

(b) Canada, Germany, USA, India

(c) USA, Canada, India, Germany

1. d) Germany, USA, Canada, India

5. The world's longest rail route tunnel Seikan is in

UPPSC (Mains) 2012

(a) China

(b) South Korea

(c) Japan

(d) Malaysia

6. Which country has the world's longest network of bullet train?

UKPSC (Pre) 2016

(a) Russia

(b) Japan

(c) USA

(d) China

7. The Canadian Pacific railway runs between

IPSC (Pre) 2013)

(a) Edmonton and Halifax

(b) Montreal and Vancouver

(c) Ottawa and Prince Rupert

(d) Halifax and Vancouver

8. Which one of the following rail/railways passes Romanh Germany, France, Austria, Hungary and Romania?

(a) Trans-Siberian

(b) Cape - Cairo

(c) Orient Express

(d) Central Pacific

9. Assertion (A) North Atlantic sea route is the busiest sea route in the world.Reason (R) It connects two major industrial zones of the world.

UPUDA/LDA (Pre) 2003

Codes

(a) Both A and ki are true and R is correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the cored explanation of A.

(c) A is true, but R is false.

(d) R is true, but A is false.

10. Which of the following is the busiest sea route of the world?

UPPSC (Pre) 1998, 2014

(a) Indian Ocean

(b) North Atlantic ocean

(c) South Atlantic ocean

(d) Pacific ocean

11. Which one of the following is known as the 'coffee port' of the world?

IAS (Pre) 2000, MPPSC (Pre) 2015

(a) Sao Paulo

(b) Santos

(c) Rio de Janeiro

(d) Buenos Aires

12. During a flight from Delhi to Tokyo, the following are the landing airports.

IAS (Pre) 1997

1. Hong Kong
2. Hanoi
3. Taipei
4. Bangkok

The correct sequence of the landing at these airpots during an onward journey is 

(a) 1, 2, 3, 4

(c) 3, 4, 1, 2

(b) 4, 2, 1, 3 

(d) 4, 1, 2, 3

Know Right Answer

1(a)

2 (c)

3 (b)

4 (c)

5 (c)

6 (d)

7 (b)

8 (c) 

9 (a)

10 (b)

11 (c)

12 (b)