Introduction
The Mauryan Empire boasted a streamlined and centralized administrative structure. The primary reference for insights into the administration during the Mauryan Empire is Chanakya's Arthashastra, while Megasthenes provides additional details in his work, Indica.
Mauryan - Central Administration
The Emperor held supreme authority and served as the ultimate source of power. Assisting the Emperor was a Council of Ministers known as the 'Mantriparishad,' with individual ministers referred to as 'Mantris.' Heading the council was the 'mantriparishad-adhyakshya,' similar to the contemporary role of a Prime Minister.
Within the administration, there were various categories of officials:
- Tirthas: The highest-ranking officials, numbering 18, held crucial administrative responsibilities.
- Adhyakshyas: Ranked just below Tirthas, there were 20 Adhyakshyas responsible for economic and military functions. They formed a secretariat, divided into departments such as commerce, storehouses, gold, ships, agriculture, cows, horses, city, chariots, mint, and infantry, as mentioned in the Arthashastra.
- Mahamattas: Occupying higher positions, Mahamattas played essential roles in the administration.
- Amatyas: Similar to modern-day secretaries, Amatyas held high-ranking positions with administrative and judicial responsibilities.
- Yuktas: Subordinate officers focused on managing the Empire's revenue.
- Rajjukas: Officials in charge of land measurement and boundary-fixing.
- Sansthadhyasksha: Superintendent of the mint.
- Samasthadhyasksha: Superintendent of markets.
- Sulkaadhyaksha: Superintendent of tolls.
- Sitaadhyaksha: Superintendent of agriculture.
- Navadhyaksha: Superintendent of ships.
- Lohadhyaksha: Superintendent of iron.
- Pauthavadhyakhsa: Superintendent of weights and measures.
- Akaradhyaksha: Superintendent of mines.
- Vyavharika Mahamatta: Judiciary officers.
- Pulisanj: Public relations officers.
The administration exercised control over various aspects, including the registration of births and deaths, management of foreigners, oversight of industries, trade, manufacturing, sale of goods, and the collection of sales tax. Local administration was integral to this comprehensive administrative framework.
Mauryan - Local Administration
- The village served as the most basic unit of administration, led by the Gramika.
- Villages enjoyed a significant degree of autonomy.
- Pradeshika held the role of provincial governors or district magistrates.
- Sthanika were tax collectors operating under the Pradeshikas.
- Durgapala were the governors of forts.
- Antapala served as governors of frontiers.
- Akshapatala took on the responsibilities of the Accountant General.
- Lipikaras were the scribes.
Military
The supreme military leader, known as Senapati, held a position second only to the Emperor, with appointments made directly by the Emperor. The military organization comprised five sectors: infantry, cavalry, chariots, elephant forces, and navy, along with transport and provisions. Salaries for the army were disbursed in cash.
Revenue
The chief of the revenue department was known as Samharta, and a pivotal figure in this sphere was Sannidhata, who acted as the treasurer. Revenue collection involved diverse sources such as land, irrigation, shops, customs, forests, ferry services, mines, and pastures. Artisans were subject to license fees, and fines were imposed by law courts. Significantly, the primary component of land revenue equated to one-sixth of the total produce.
Police
Police headquarters were established in all major centers. The prison was referred to as Bandhangara, and the lock-up was known as Charaka.
Espionage
The Mauryas had a sophisticated espionage system, with spies providing information to the Emperor about both the bureaucracy and markets. Two distinct types of spies existed: Samsthana (stationary) and Sanchari (wanderer). The Gudhapurushas served as detectives or secret agents and were under the control of the Mahamatya Pasarpa. These agents were selected from various segments of society. Additionally, there were agents known as Vishakanyas, referring to poisonous girls.
Transport
The transportation department determined the dimensions of chariots, pathways for cattle, and pedestrian walkways.
