Mahajanapadas-and-rise-of-magadha / Mahajanapadas and Rise of Magadha / Republics and Monarchies

Republics and Monarchies

 Relevance :  Prelims and Mains: GS-1/Optional (Ancient Indian History)

Introduction (Republic vs Monarchy)

Republics and monarchies are two distinct forms of government that have shaped the political landscape of various countries throughout history. Here's a brief comparison between republics and monarchies:

Republic

Monarchy

1. People choose their government through voting.

1. Rulers are decided based on heredity, not elections.

2. Rules are made for the welfare of the people.

2. Laws are created by the monarch without public input.

3. People have the right to express their opinions and criticise the government.

3. Citizens may not have the right to criticise or challenge the rules.

4. Every citizen is treated equally, regardless of background.

4. In some cases, the ruler's actions might oppress the citizens.

How were the Republics in Ancient India?

  • Vedic Administration: Vedas describe at least two types of republican governance.
    • Monarchy with elected rulers: The first type is like a monarchy where leaders are chosen by people, seen as a precursor to democracy.
    • Republics without monarchy: The second type involves no monarchy, with a council or Sabha holding authority.
  • Composition of sabhas: Sabhas comprised not only distinguished individuals but also active contributors.
  • Shared authority: Sabhas shared power with the Samiti, consisting of common people, similar to today's two-house legislature.
  • The Rig Veda mentions Vidhaata, gatherings where both men and women discussed policies, military matters, and critical issues, over a hundred times.