Similarities between UN and LoN

1. Common Aim: Both the UN and LoN shared a common goal of promoting world peace and socio-economic development. They were established with the intention of preventing conflicts and fostering global prosperity.
2. Veto Powers: Both organizations had a system in place that granted certain member states, particularly major powers, the authority to veto decisions made by their respective security councils. This system was designed to provide a mechanism for major powers to protect their interests.
3. Lack of Permanent Army: Neither the UN nor the LoN had a standing, permanent army of their own. Instead, they relied on member states to contribute troops and resources when necessary to address conflicts or crises.

Common Weaknesses:

1. Tool of Superpowers: Both the UN and LoN faced criticism for being perceived as instruments of powerful nations, particularly the major powers involved in their formation. This criticism often stemmed from the perception that these organizations served the interests of the dominant global players.
2. Pro-West Bias: Both organizations were accused of exhibiting a pro-Western bias, which means they were seen as favoring Western nations in their policies and decision-making processes.
3. Subservience to Powerful Nations: Critics argued that both the UN and LoN were at times influenced or controlled by powerful individual nations. This influence could impact the effectiveness and impartiality of these organizations.
4. Financial Dependency on Certain Regions: Both the UN and LoN faced financial dependency on specific member states or regions. The UN, for example, has been heavily reliant on funding from the United States, while the LoN relied on contributions from Britain and France.

These commonalities and weaknesses highlight some of the challenges faced by international organizations in maintaining their impartiality, effectiveness, and independence in the face of geopolitical realities and power dynamics among member states.

The period from 1919 to 1923 witnessed significant developments and challenges in the aftermath of World War I. Here's an overview of the key events and factors during this time:

1. Turkish Nationalism: The Treaty of Sèvres (1920) imposed harsh terms on the Ottoman Empire, leading to widespread Turkish nationalism. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk emerged as a prominent leader, and Turkish forces successfully repelled Greek occupation forces, resulting in the renegotiation of the treaty and the establishment of modern-day Turkey.
2. Italian Unhappiness: Italy was dissatisfied with the territorial gains it received after World War I. Benito Mussolini's rise to power in 1922 led to Italy's seizure of Fiume from Yugoslavia and the Corfu Incident in 1923, where Italy occupied the Greek island of Corfu following the killing of Italian workers. These actions reflected Italy's discontent with the post-war settlement.
3. US War Debt: The United States had provided loans and sold arms to the Allied powers during the war. However, when it came to post-war negotiations and debt repayment, the U.S. insisted on full repayment of the war debt. This policy was a source of tension between the U.S. and its wartime allies.
4. German Reparations: The issue of war reparations was a contentious one. Germany was devastated by the war and sought leniency in terms of the reparations it had to pay. Britain was more inclined to ease the terms, as a prosperous Germany would benefit its exports. France, on the other hand, pushed for strict reparations, partly to keep Germany economically weak and partly because it relied on German reparations to repay loans from the U.S.

Russian Civil War: The aftermath of the Russian Revolution and the Bolshevik seizure of power led to the Russian Civil War (1918-1920). The Bolsheviks, under Lenin, established a communist regime in Russia and sought to export the revolution to other countries. This caused tensions with Western nations and Japan, which sent forces to intervene in the Russian Civil War, supporting the anti-Bolshevik White forces. The civil war ended with Bolshevik victory, consolidating communist rule in Russia.