World War Conferences & Formation of UN

Throughout the war, major Allied nations convened numerous conferences and issued declarations outlining fundamental principles:

1. They aimed to establish the foundation for peace without territorial ambitions.
2. They advocated for the right of all peoples to choose their form of government.
3. They pledged to restore all Chinese territories taken by Japan.

In 1943, the leaders of Britain, the USA, and the Soviet Union—Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin—gathered in Teheran. They affirmed their determination to eradicate the horrors of war and establish a world where all individuals can live liberated from tyranny, under their diverse aspirations and personal convictions."

Yalta Conference (February 1945)

Purpose:

The Yalta Conference was convened in February 1945, before the conclusion of World War II. It took place when the victory of the Allied Powers was assured. The conference aimed to determine the approach towards the Axis Powers.

Attendees:

• Roosevelt (US)
• Churchill (Britain)
• Stalin (USSR)

Agreements Reached:

1. Promise of Free Elections in Eastern Europe

• Also Known as the "Declaration of Liberated Europe"
• Stalin committed to conducting free elections in all Eastern European nations. This pledge aimed to assist liberated European countries in establishing democratic institutions through transparent and open elections.

2. Formation of the United Nations

• Established in October 1945
• The Yalta Conference laid the groundwork for the establishment of the United Nations, which would serve as a successor to the League of Nations.

3. Division of Occupation Zones

• Austria, Vienna, Germany, and Berlin
• These areas were divided into occupation zones for Britain, the US, and the USSR. The decision stemmed from a lack of consensus regarding the future government system (capitalist or communist) in these regions. Stalin agreed to the presence of Allied troops in these areas.
• (Note: France's occupation zones were established at a later time.)

4. Resolution on Poland

• Russia had set up a provisional communist government in Poland after expelling the Germans. Simultaneously, a Polish government in exile existed in London. It was agreed that some members of the Polish government in exile in London would join the Polish Communist government. However, Britain and the US rejected Stalin's demand for Poland to receive all German territory east of the River Oder & Neisse.

5. Conditions for Joining the War Against Japan

• Stalin's terms for entering the war against Japan included acquiring the entire oil-rich Sakhalin Island (half of which Japan had gained after the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05), the Kuril Islands, and specific portions of Manchuria in China.

The Potsdam Conference (1945)

Conference Overview: The Potsdam Conference was another significant gathering of the heads of government from Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. It took place near Berlin in 1945, following the end of World War II.

Declaration and Aims for Germany: The declaration issued at the Potsdam Conference outlined the primary objectives of the Allies concerning Germany, which had already surrendered.

1. Partition of Germany into Four Zones:
• Germany was divided into four zones of occupation, each controlled by one of the Allied powers: Britain, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union.
2. Goals of Allied Occupation:
• The declaration emphasized that the purpose of the Allied occupation of Germany was threefold:
• To achieve complete disarmament of Germany.
• To eradicate the Nazi Party and its influence.
• To prepare the conditions necessary for the establishment of a democratic government in Germany.
3. Establishment of an International Tribunal:
• It was decided to create an international tribunal to prosecute individuals who had committed crimes against humanity during the war. This laid the groundwork for the Nuremberg Trials, where key figures of the Nazi regime were held accountable.
4. Border Adjustments and Transfers:
• The conference also addressed border issues between Poland and Germany. It was agreed to redefine the border and make territorial transfers, with the northern part of East Prussia being transferred to the Soviet Union, and the southern part going to Poland.

Formation of United Nations Organization

Founding Principles:

• The UN was established based on the principle of "the sovereign equality of all peace-loving states."

Purposes:

1. Maintain International Peace and Security:
• The primary purpose of the United Nations was to ensure and uphold global peace and security.
2. Develop Friendly Relations and Foster International Cooperation:
• The UN aimed to cultivate amicable relations between nations and promote international cooperation in addressing economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian challenges.

Role of Security Council:

• It was understood that the effectiveness of any action for maintaining peace and security hinged on the agreement of all five permanent members of the Security Council.

Historic Events Leading to UN Formation:

• 1941: Britain and the US declared their intention not to seek territorial expansion.
• 1942: The UN Declaration affirmed the restoration of Chinese territories acquired by Japan.
• 1943: Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin met in Tehran, expressing their determination to eradicate the horrors of war.
• Yalta Conference (1945): The decision to establish the UN was made.
• San Francisco Conference (1945): Attended by 50 nations, it adopted the UN Charter.

Inauguration of the United Nations:

• The UN officially came into existence in October 1945, succeeding the League of Nations.

Performance of UN

Successes:

1. Global Forum for Diplomacy:
• The UN serves as a platform for nations worldwide to convene and discuss pressing issues.
2. Conflict Resolution and Humanitarian Efforts:
• While it may not prevent wars, the UN has been instrumental in hastening conflict resolutions. UN peacekeeping forces have notably engaged in humanitarian endeavours.
3. Inclusivity for Small Nations:
• Even smaller nations like Kiribati and Nauru can assert their voices on the international stage.
4. Advancement of Human Rights and Social Issues:
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights stands as a testament to the UN's work in addressing human rights, social, and gender-related concerns.
5. Promoting International Cooperation:
• The UN stimulates collaboration on economic, social, and technical matters.

Criticisms:

1. Lack of a Permanent UN Army:
• The UN relies on member states to provide troops, and sometimes warring parties resist halting conflicts.
2. Indecisiveness:
• Delays in UN responses to crises have, at times, rendered interventions ineffective. Examples include the Vietnam War.
3. Diverse Opinions and Interests:
• Achieving consensus among developing, developed, and underdeveloped nations can be exceptionally challenging.
4. Overlapping Functions:
• There is often duplication of work among organizations like WHO, FAO, UNICEF, and UNESCO, leading to resource wastage.
5. Financial Constraints:
• Global financial crises, such as the 2008 meltdown and the Eurozone crisis, have prompted many developed countries to implement austerity measures, reducing funding for UN initiatives.