1. Basic Definition:
• Colonialism: Colonialism involves the domination of a foreign territory, its people, and their culture, with the primary goal of extracting economic benefits from the colony.
• Imperialism: Imperialism encompasses the acquisition of foreign territories through political means, often involving military invasion or diplomatic strategies. It includes both political control and economic domination.
2. Relation:
• Colonialism is considered a subset of imperialism. It is one of the methods or approaches used within the broader framework of imperialism.
3. Focus:
• Colonialism primarily focuses on economic exploitation and control over the colony's resources and trade. It may be carried out by companies securing special trading privileges.
• Imperialism includes political control over the acquired territories, along with economic dominance. It often involves actions taken by the state through government diplomacy.
4. Domination Aspect:
• Colonialism is more subtle in its domination, involving control over various aspects of the natives' lives, including politics, economics, culture, and social spheres.
• Imperialism is more formal and aggressive, often requiring military force or diplomatic strategies to acquire and maintain control over foreign territories.
5. Historical Context - New Imperialism:
• The term "New Imperialism" or "Neo-Imperialism" is used to refer to the era after the Industrial Revolution. It involved a heightened level of colonial actions, characterized by increased competition, race for resources, and military buildup among European powers.
6. Race Component:
• New Imperialism introduced a significant race component, signifying the economic competition among European powers to acquire colonies for raw materials and export markets.
7. Factors Driving New Imperialism:
• Industrial Revolution: The spread of Industrial Revolution in Europe, USA, and Japan in the 19th century played a crucial role in the rise of New Imperialism.
• Nationalism: The rise of nationalism fueled national rivalries for economic and military supremacy, contributing to the intensity of imperialistic endeavors.
• Decreased Geographical Space: With most of the world already under the influence of powerful nations, there was increased competition among major powers for territorial expansion.
8. Role of State Power:
• In New Imperialism, there was a shift from trading companies (e.g., East India Company) to direct government involvement. State power played a more prominent role in securing and protecting colonial assets.

In summary, while colonialism is a component of imperialism focused on economic exploitation, imperialism encompasses both political and economic dominance. New Imperialism, occurring after the Industrial Revolution, marked a period of intensified imperialistic endeavors characterized by heightened competition and increased state involvement.