Definition of Fiscal Policy: Fiscal policy refers to the part of government policy focused on raising revenue through various means, such as taxation, and determining the levels and purposes of government spending. It plays a crucial role in influencing macroeconomic conditions by regulating tax rates and government expenditures.

Key Aspects of Fiscal Policy:

1. Revenue and Spending Control:
• Fiscal policy involves decisions on how the government raises revenue and allocates expenditures.
• It encompasses measures to adjust levels of taxation, disinvestment proceeds, borrowings, and user charges for services like power and transportation.
2. Budget Management:
• The policies within fiscal frameworks form the core of fiscal policy.
• Fiscal receipts are obtained through various channels, including disinvestment, borrowing from internal and external sources, and levying taxes and user charges.
3. Revenue and Capital Accounts:
• Fiscal transactions are categorized into revenue and capital accounts.
• Article 112 of the Constitution addresses revenue and other expenditures but does not explicitly mention the capital account.
4. Quality of Public Finance:
• Fiscal policy is concerned not only with the quantity of funds raised and spent but also with the quality.
• It examines how funds are raised (e.g., through taxes or borrowings) and how they are used—whether for capital formation, welfare, or potentially wasteful expenditures.
5. Productive Use of Finances:
• Fiscal policy evaluates whether funds raised are used productively for capital formation or welfare.
• It scrutinizes spending patterns to identify instances of populistic expenditures lacking economic rationality, which may counterproductively impact the economy.

Examples of Fiscal Policy Considerations:

1. Taxation Policies:
• Decisions on tax rates and structures fall under fiscal policy.
• It assesses the impact of taxes on different segments of society and the overall economy.
2. Borrowing Strategies:
• Fiscal policy determines the extent and sources of government borrowings.
• It evaluates the implications of borrowing on economic stability and sustainability.
3. Expenditure Prioritization:
• Deciding on government expenditures, whether for capital projects, welfare programs, or subsidies, is a crucial aspect of fiscal policy.
• Prioritizing expenditures based on economic rationale and productivity is emphasized.

Conclusion: Fiscal policy is a comprehensive tool that goes beyond the mere management of government finances. It involves strategic decisions on revenue, spending, and the overall economic impact of government actions. Balancing the quantity and quality of funds, as well as ensuring their productive use, is essential for effective fiscal management.

Achieving Public Policy Goals through Fiscal Policy:

Fiscal policy is a powerful tool that can be employed to achieve various public policy goals. Here are some key objectives that fiscal policy can address:

1. Economic Growth:
• Fiscal policy can be designed to stimulate economic growth through measures such as increased government spending on infrastructure projects, tax incentives for businesses, and initiatives to boost investment.
2. Equity:
• Policies within fiscal frameworks can be tailored to promote economic equity by implementing progressive taxation, welfare programs, and targeted spending to uplift marginalized sections of society.
3. Sustainability:
• Fiscal measures can encourage sustainable practices and environmental conservation by providing incentives for eco-friendly initiatives and penalizing environmentally harmful activities.
4. Gender Empowerment:
• Fiscal policies can contribute to gender empowerment by addressing gender-based economic disparities, supporting women entrepreneurs, and promoting equal opportunities in the workforce.
5. Promotion of Small-Scale Industries:
• Targeted fiscal initiatives, such as tax breaks and financial incentives, can foster the growth of small-scale industries, contributing to employment generation and economic diversification.
6. Encouragement to Agriculture:
• Fiscal measures can include subsidies, investment in agricultural infrastructure, and credit facilities to support the growth and sustainability of the agriculture sector.
7. Location of Industries in Rural Areas:
• Incentives can be provided to encourage industries to establish operations in rural areas, promoting balanced regional development and reducing urban-rural economic disparities.
8. Labour-Intensive Growth:
• Policies favoring labor-intensive industries and employment generation can be implemented to address unemployment and underemployment issues.
9. Export Promotion:
• Fiscal policies can support export-oriented industries through tax incentives, infrastructure development, and other measures to enhance global competitiveness.
10. Development of Social and Physical Infrastructure:
• Allocation of funds for social infrastructure (education, healthcare) and physical infrastructure (roads, transportation) contributes to overall development and quality of life.

Plan and Non-Plan Expenditure:

• The distinction between plan and non-plan expenditure was traditionally used in budget presentations until the fiscal year 2016-17.
• The terms were not constitutional but were accounting categories that helped classify government expenditures into planned developmental activities (plan expenditure) and routine expenses (non-plan expenditure).
• The classification was dropped from the budget presentations starting from the fiscal year 2017-18 due to perceived distortions and limitations in reflecting the true nature of government spending.

Fiscal policy, when well-crafted and implemented, becomes a potent instrument for achieving a diverse set of public policy objectives, contributing to overall economic and social development.