Indian National Movement Phase 1905-18

The period from 1905 to 1909 witnessed the emergence of militant nationalism within the Indian national movement. This phase was characterized by a shift towards more radical and confrontational methods of agitation, departing from the earlier moderate approach of prayer and petition.

• Prominent leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Aurobindo Ghosh, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai played key roles in shaping and leading the militant nationalist movement. They advocated for more assertive and direct action against British rule, challenging colonial authority through mass mobilization, revolutionary ideas, and nationalist propaganda.
• These leaders emphasized the importance of self-reliance, the preservation of Indian culture and traditions, and the rejection of foreign domination. They sought to instil a sense of pride and assertiveness among the Indian population, advocating for the use of indigenous goods and industries as a means of economic empowerment and resistance against British exploitation.
• The militant nationalists also played a significant role in promoting political awareness and mobilizing the masses through their writings, speeches, and organizational efforts. They emphasized the need for self-rule and fought against colonial policies that undermined Indian interests.
• However, the militant nationalist approach also faced challenges, including government repression, internal divisions within the movement, and the limitations of their methods in mobilizing widespread support. The movement gradually shifted towards a more inclusive and mass-based approach under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress.
• Nevertheless, the era of militant nationalism marked an important phase in the evolution of the Indian national movement, laying the groundwork for subsequent movements and contributing to the growing sense of national identity and resistance against colonial rule.

Growth of Militant Nationalism

• The growth of militant nationalism in India can be attributed to various factors. The early phase of the Indian national movement, with its focus on raising awareness and cultivating patriotism, laid the foundation for the growth of militant nationalism. It created a sense of political consciousness among educated Indians and instilled in them a desire to challenge foreign dominance.
• The Bengal anti-partition movement of 1905 played a significant role in fueling militant nationalism. The partition of Bengal was seen as an unjust act by the British government, and it sparked widespread protests and discontent. The movement not only raised awareness about the dangers of foreign dominance but also demonstrated the limitations of moderate methods in achieving meaningful change.
• The refusal of the British government to address the major demands of the nationalists, coupled with their disregard and mockery of the moderate leadership, led to disillusionment among politically conscious individuals. The moderate leaders' reliance on peaceful means such as meetings, petitions, and speeches in legislative councils seemed ineffective in the face of British indifference and repression.
• This disillusionment created a demand for more aggressive political action and methods. People began to seek leaders who would adopt a more assertive and confrontational approach to challenge British rule. Figures like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Aurobindo Ghosh, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai emerged as prominent leaders who espoused militant nationalism and advocated for direct action against colonial rule.
• The growth of militant nationalism was also influenced by the broader political and intellectual environment of the time. Ideas of nationalism, self-determination, and resistance against imperialism were gaining traction globally, and Indian nationalists drew inspiration from these movements.
• Overall, the growth of militant nationalism can be seen as a response to the failures of moderate methods, the injustices of British rule, and the changing political climate of the early 20th century. It represented a shift towards a more radical and confrontational approach in the pursuit of Indian independence.
• The growth of militant nationalism marked a distinct phase in the anti-colonial struggle in India. Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Aurobindo Ghosh, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai played crucial roles in this phase, shaping its ideology and methods.
• Militant nationalism brought about a departure from the moderate methods employed earlier, such as petitions, meetings, and legislative representation. It sought more radical and assertive approaches to challenge British rule and achieve independence. This included utilizing mass mobilization, direct action, and even advocating armed resistance.
• One of the key features of militant nationalism was the use of popular symbols and cultural elements to mobilize the masses. Nationalistic slogans, songs, and symbols like Vande Mataram were adopted as rallying cries, evoking a sense of pride and unity among Indians. This helped in broadening the base of the movement, reaching out to the common people and inspiring them to join the struggle.
• Moreover, militant nationalists emphasized the importance of self-reliance, swadeshi (use of indigenous goods), and the promotion of indigenous industries. They aimed to foster economic independence and reduce dependence on British products, thereby undermining British economic dominance.
• Militant nationalists also recognized the need for social and cultural reforms alongside political agitation. They highlighted the importance of Indian identity, heritage, and cultural revival as integral parts of the struggle for independence.
• Overall, the growth of militant nationalism brought new dimensions to the national movement, introducing more radical methods of political agitation, incorporating popular symbols, and aiming to broaden the movement's base. It represented a significant shift in strategy and ideology, paving the way for a more assertive and combative approach towards achieving Indian independence.

Factors Responsible for the Rise of Militant Nationalism

The factors responsible for the rise of militant nationalism in India during the early 20th century were diverse and interconnected. Here is a summary of the key factors mentioned:

• Recognition of the true nature of British rule: The realization that British rule was exploitative and aimed at the economic exploitation of India fueled disillusionment with moderate methods and sparked a demand for more radical political action.
• Growth of confidence and self-respect: Indians gained self-esteem and confidence in their ability to govern themselves. Leaders like Tilak, Ghosh, and Pal emphasized relying on the character and capabilities of the Indian people, instilling a sense of fearlessness and strength.
• Growth of education: The spread of education among Indians increased awareness of political and economic issues, exposing them to Western ideas of democracy, nationalism, and radicalism. Educated Indians became propagators and followers of militant nationalism.
• International influences: The rise of modern Japan, victories of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) over Italy and Japan over Russia, and setbacks faced by the British in the Boer Wars shattered the myth of European superiority, inspiring nationalists in India and across Asia.
• Response to growing Westernization: The new leadership recognized colonial designs to submerge Indian national identity in the British Empire and felt the need to counter excessive Westernization. Intellectuals like Vivekananda and Chatterjee highlighted the richness of Indian civilization, challenging the notion of Western superiority.
• Dissatisfaction with achievements and methods of moderates: Younger members of Congress were critical of the moderate leaders' peaceful and constitutional methods, seeking more assertive approaches to political work.
• Curzon's reactionary policies: Lord Curzon's rule in India, characterized by policies that insulted and disregarded Indian nationalists, sparked a strong reaction and dissatisfaction among Indians.
• Existence of a militant school of thought: The emergence of nationalist thinkers advocating a more militant approach to political work, such as Tilak, Ghosh, and Pal, provided ideological direction to the growing demand for radicalism.
• The emergence of skilled leaders: The presence of skilled leaders like Tilak, Lajpat Rai, and others provided guidance and a proper channel for the energy and potential of the masses.

These factors, along with the specific circumstances of the Bengal anti-partition movement and the Swadeshi agitation, contributed to the rise of militant nationalism and the adoption of more radical methods of political agitation in the Indian national movement during the early 20th century.