The historical connection between the Marathas and Nizam-ul-Mulk traversed various phases, significantly influencing Maratha activities in regions like Malwa and Gujarat. The intricate dynamics between these powers unfolded through diplomatic overtures, territorial disputes, and, at times, open hostilities. 

Nizam-ul-Mulk's Deccan Dominance: 1715-1717

As the Viceroy of the Deccan from 1715 to 1717, Nizam-ul-Mulk engaged in a protracted struggle with the Marathas for control over the Deccan's Chauth and Sardeshmukhi. Despite repeated conflicts, Nizam-ul-Mulk's endeavors were met with limited success. His tenure as Viceroy witnessed continuous warfare with the Marathas, setting the stage for a complex relationship that would evolve over the years.

The Shift in Maratha-Nizam Relations

Nizam-ul-Mulk's revolt against the Sayyids marked a turning point. Following his successful rebellion, he acknowledged the Imperial Farman, recognizing the Marathas' entitlement to the Chauth and Sardeshmukhi of the Deccan. This acknowledgment laid the groundwork for subsequent interactions between Nizam-ul-Mulk and the Marathas.

The Encounter of 1721

Nizam-ul-Mulk's first meeting with Baji Rao in 1721 aimed at establishing closer ties. Despite his efforts, a lasting understanding between the two powers remained elusive. The primary point of contention revolved around Karnataka, a region Nizam-ul-Mulk considered rightfully his due to his succession to the kingdoms of Bijapur and Golconda.

Karnataka Dispute 1721-1728

The dispute over Karnataka became a focal point of discord. While Nizam-ul-Mulk viewed it as his legitimate domain, the Marathas, with a historical interest dating back to Shahji's time, were determined to exploit and subjugate the region. In Nizam-ul-Mulk's absence from 1721 to 1724, hostilities escalated as his subordinate, Mubariz-ul-Mulk, violated Chauth and Sardeshmukhi agreements.

Diplomacy and Military Alliances: 1723-1728

Nizam-ul-Mulk made earnest attempts to maintain cordial relations with the Marathas. Encounters with Baji Rao in Malwa and a joint Maratha-Nizam contingent at the Battle of Shakar Khera in 1725 showcased diplomatic efforts. However, the situation took a precarious turn in 1728 as Nizam-ul-Mulk grew uneasy about Maratha operations in Malwa and Gujarat.

The Battle of Palkhed: A Decisive Moment

In 1728, tensions reached a breaking point, and both powers stood on the verge of war. Nizam-ul-Mulk, concerned about the Maratha expansion, suspended Chauth and Sardeshmukhi payments. His attempts to mediate in the Shahu-Sambhaji dispute backfired, leading to a swift and decisive response from Baji Rao. The Battle of Palkhed on 7th February 1728 concluded with a resounding victory for Baji Rao, solidifying Maratha dominance in the region.

Mungi Shevgaon Treaty of 1728

The aftermath of the Battle of Palkhed saw the signing of the Mungi Shevgaon Treaty. Nizam-ul-Mulk reiterated Shahu's claim to Deccan Chauth and Sardeshmukhi and pledged not to assist Sambhaji of Kolhapur. This treaty, while resolving immediate tensions, reflected the intricate dance of power, diplomacy, and territorial aspirations in the 18th-century Deccan.

The relationship between the Marathas and Nizam-ul-Mulk during this period was characterized by shifting alliances, territorial disputes, and a delicate balance of power. The Karnataka dispute and the Battle of Palkhed stand out as pivotal moments, shaping the contours of their interaction. The intricacies of this historical connection continue to provide valuable insights into the complex tapestry of India's political landscape during the 18th century.