1. Unprecedented Growth of Newspapers:
• The second half of the 19th century witnessed significant growth in Indian-owned English and vernacular newspapers.
• Despite restrictions imposed by colonial rulers, the number of newspapers increased, reflecting a growing desire for communication and expression.
2. Proliferation of Vernacular Newspapers:
• In 1877, there were approximately 169 newspapers published in vernacular languages, with a combined circulation reaching around 1,00,000.
• Vernacular newspapers played a crucial role in reaching a wider audience and fostering a sense of awareness among the masses.
3. Criticism of Official Policies:
• The press, while critical of official policies, also encouraged people to unite against colonial rule.
• Newspapers served as a platform to voice dissent, discuss political issues, and advocate for the rights and interests of the Indian population.
4. Spread of Modern Ideas:
• Newspapers, journals, pamphlets, and nationalist literature played a vital role in disseminating modern ideas.
• Concepts of self-government, democracy, civil rights, and industrialization were promoted through these mediums, contributing to political awareness.
5. Exchange of Political Ideas:
• The press facilitated the exchange of political ideas among nationalist leaders from different regions.
• The availability of diverse viewpoints and discussions in print helped in creating a shared understanding of the challenges and goals of the nationalist movement.
6. Rediscovery of India’s Past:
• Historical research conducted by both European and Indian scholars, such as Max Mueller, Monier Williams, R.G. Bhandarkar, and Swami Vivekananda, presented a new perspective on India’s past.
• These studies highlighted well-developed political, economic, and social institutions, a vibrant trade network, and a rich cultural heritage, challenging colonial myths of Indian servility.
7. Psychological Boost to Educated Indians:
• European scholars' theory that the Indo-Aryans shared the same ethnic group as other European nations provided a psychological boost to educated Indians.
• This boost instilled self-respect and confidence, enabling nationalists to challenge colonial narratives and assert India's historical significance.
8. Demolishing Colonial Myths:
• The newfound self-respect and confidence among educated Indians helped challenge colonial myths suggesting a history of Indian subservience to foreign rulers.
• Nationalists used historical research to counteract narratives of colonial superiority and to assert the rich history and contributions of India.

In summary, the press and literature played a pivotal role in shaping the intellectual and political landscape of colonial India, fostering awareness, promoting modern ideas, and challenging colonial narratives about India's past and its people.