Introduction

• Architecture has expanded beyond specific styles and adopted various approaches.
• Scientific progress and modern building techniques have heavily influenced architectural styles.
• This architectural period saw a fusion of science, innovative techniques, and a focus on sustainability and urban challenges.

Post-Independence Architecture in India

Architecture in this period was not limited to a specific style and was influenced by science and modern techniques.

Le Corbusier's experiment with Chandigarh aimed to address urban challenges like traffic. He used local materials for affordable housing in Kerala and focused on environmental conservation.

Charles Correa, an architect from Goa, designed Sabarmati ashram, Kanchanjunga apartment tower, and planned Navi Mumbai with a focus on resources, energy, and climate.

Post-Independence Architecture:  Socio-Cultural Diversity, and Economic Development

• Post-independence Indian architects combined modernism with traditional influences.
• Chandigarh, planned by Le Corbusier, showcased modern urban planning in India.
• India saw the construction of significant public institutions and government buildings.
• Regional architectural styles emerged, integrating local materials and design principles.
• Large-scale housing projects addressed rapid urbanisation and population growth.
• Sustainable architecture, led by Laurie Baker, emphasised eco-friendly design.
• Indo-Saracenic architecture saw a revival in the construction of heritage buildings.
• Traditional temple architecture continued alongside modern styles.

Post-Independence Architecture across the World

After India gained independence, its architecture combined different styles and ideas. This reflected the country's progress, identity, and cultural heritage. Architectural landmarks from this period still define India's urban landscape.

In other countries too, post-independence architecture changed significantly. This was in response to their new independence and social situations.

India

• After India got independence in 1947, its architecture mixed modern and traditional styles.
• Famous architects like Le Corbusier, Louis Kahn, and Charles Correa played a big part.
• Le Corbusier's design for Chandigarh and Louis Kahn's work at the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIM-A) were important.
• Charles Correa's focus on designs that worked with the climate and used local materials had a lasting effect on the country's architecture.

Africa

• In the mid-20th century, many African countries became independent from colonial rule.
• After independence, they wanted to show their identity through architecture that reflected their culture.
• Countries like Nigeria and Ghana used traditional designs in their government buildings and public spaces.
• This showed their new independence and cultural pride.

Southeast Asia

• Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia had modern architecture with a local style after becoming independent.
• They focused on planning cities and building homes to help the growing population and address social needs.

Latin America

• Architecture in Latin America after independence mixed modern ideas with local materials and skills.
• Architects like Oscar Niemeyer in Brazil made a strong impression with their creative designs.
• They created famous buildings in Brasília that became iconic.

Middle East

• After gaining independence, many Middle Eastern countries grew quickly and became more urban.
• This resulted in big architectural projects like the Burj Al Arab in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
• The Kingdom Centre in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, was another ambitious project during this time.

Modern Independence Architecture - European Influences

Portuguese Influence

• The Portuguese brought the Iberian architectural style with them.
• They built trading terminals and warehouses on the coasts, which later became fortified cities.
• They introduced 'patio homes' and the 'Baroque style' from Europe, known for its elaborate design and vivid colours.
• Notable constructions from this time include the Sé Cathedral in Goa, built in 1619 AD in the late-Gothic Portuguese style, featuring the famous "Golden Bell."
• Basilica of Bom Jesus in Goa is a UNESCO World Heritage Site finished in 1604 AD in the Baroque style, holding the relics of St. Francis Xavier.

• Castella de Aguada in Mumbai.
• St. Paul's Church in Diu, completed in 1610 AD in the Baroque style.
• Diu Fort, built in 1535 AD on the shore of Diu island, featuring a lighthouse and canons. It has three churches: St. Thomas Church, St. Paul's Church, and the Church of St. Francis of Assisi.
• St. Anne's Church in Talaulim, Goa, created in the Baroque style and completed in 1695 AD.

French Influence

• The French introduced urban city planning.
• They used Cartesian grid layouts and scientific architectural designs in their colonies like Puducherry and Chandernagore (now Chandannagar, West Bengal).
• They built large structures to demonstrate their authority.
• They established faceless architecture, featuring simple facades without decoration, similar to modern buildings.
• The French also founded coastal cities like Mahe (Kerala), Karaikal (Tamil Nadu), and Yanam (Andhra Pradesh).
• Examples of their architecture include the Sacred Heart Church in Puducherry and Chandannagar.

British Influence

• The Gothic style of building was introduced by the British.
• It fused with Indian architecture to create the Indo-Gothic architectural style.
• After 1911, a new architectural style called Neo-Roman architecture evolved.

1. Indo-Gothic Style

• It's known as the Victorian style, blending Indian, Persian, and Gothic elements.
• The Indo-Gothic style featured massive and detailed structures.
• Its arches were pointed, unlike the curved ones from the Indo-Islamic era.
• Victorian design used wide windows and sophisticated British structural engineering.
• Steel, iron, and concrete became common materials.
  • Examples include the Victoria Memorial in Kolkata and the Gateway of India in Mumbai.

2. Neo-Roman Design

• After World War I, the British Raj built in the Neo-Roman or Neo-Classical styles.
• The buildings in New Delhi, designed by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker, were notable examples.
• This style is often called the "Rome of Hindustan."
• Characteristics of this phase included undistinguished structures and a blend of many styles, limiting creative expression.
• Circular structures were emphasised, and eastern themes were exaggerated in western styles.
• The idea of the upturned dome was developed during this time, seen on the Supreme Court and Rashtrapati Bhavan.

FAQs

1.What are some notable examples of Indo-Gothic architecture in India?

The Victoria Memorial in Kolkata and the Gateway of India in Mumbai are prominent examples of Indo-Gothic architecture in India.

2.Who were the architects responsible for designing New Delhi's buildings during the British Raj?

New Delhi's buildings were designed by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker.

3.What characterised the Neo-Roman or Neoclassical architectural style during the British Raj in India?

The Neo-Roman or Neo-Classical style was marked by a blend of various architectural styles, resulting in crowded and less distinctive structures. It also emphasised circular structures and a fusion of eastern and western themes.

4.What were some key features of the Indo-Gothic architectural style in India?

Indo-Gothic architecture in India was known for its massive and intricately constructed structures, pointed arches, and the use of wide windows.

5.How did British colonial architecture influence Indian architecture during the colonial period?

The British colonial architecture in India amalgamated various architectural elements, resulting in a fusion of Indian, Persian, and Gothic styles, giving rise to unique styles like Indo-Gothic and Neo-Roman architecture.