The North-East region of India is a treasure trove of diversity, with numerous tribes and sub-tribes, each with their unique customs and faiths. The festivals of North-East India highlight the rich cultural heritage of the region. These celebrations are deeply rooted in agriculture, Buddhism, and the marking of the New Year. They provide a unique opportunity for people from different tribes to come together, celebrate their traditions, and foster unity. 

1. Hornbill Festival

The Hornbill Festival is one of the most prominent agricultural celebrations in Nagaland. This week-long festival, commencing on December 1st, is a congregation of all major Naga tribes at the Kisama Heritage Village. The festival, named after the magnificent Indian bird central to tribal folklore, was initiated by the state government in 2000. It aims to encourage inter-tribal interactions and showcase the cultural legacy of Nagaland. This event fosters cultural ties among tribes and nurtures a sense of identity among the younger generation. 

2. Saga Dawa

Saga Dawa is primarily observed by Buddhist communities in Sikkim. Celebrated on the full moon day in the Tibetan lunar month of Saga Dawa, usually falling between May and June, this festival holds great significance in Tibetan culture. Saga Dawa commemorates the birth, enlightenment, and death of Buddha. Devotees visit monasteries to offer incense sticks and circumambulate Gompas, chanting mantras, and reciting religious texts. During the month of Saga Dawa, Buddhists emphasize three principles: generosity (dana), morality (Sila), and meditation (Bhavana).

3. Losoong Festival

Losoong Festival marks the Sikkimese New Year, celebrated annually in December. Agriculture is the primary occupation in Sikkim, and the festival's highlight is the celebration of the harvest season by farmers and various occupational groups. Initially associated with the Bhutia tribe, Losoong has transcended tribal boundaries and is now celebrated with equal enthusiasm by the Lepchas. The festival features the consumption of locally brewed wine called Chaang and vibrant cultural performances, including the Cham Dance and Black Hat Dance. Archery competitions and other traditional activities uphold the martial spirit of the Sikkimese community.

4. Bihu Festival

Bihu, the most significant festival in Assam, is celebrated to welcome the Assamese New Year. While Assamese people observe Bihu three times a year, the Bohag Bihu holds the utmost importance. The three Bihus, Bohag or Rongali Bihu, Kati or Rongali Bihu, and Maagh or Bhogali Bihu, are associated with changing seasons and harvests. The Bohag Bihu, celebrated for several days starting on April 14th, features rituals like the 'Gora Bihu,' where cows and bulls, essential to Assamese livelihood, are bathed and fed. The festival also showcases Bihu dance performances and traditional Assamese dishes like Pitha.

5. Cheiraoba Festival

The Cheiraoba Festival marks the Manipuri tribes' New Year and is observed throughout Manipur in April (on the first day of Sajibu). The celebration is linked to the worship of the household deity, Sanamahi, and traditional customs include house cleaning, acquisition of new utensils, and new clothing for family members. An intriguing tradition associated with Cheiraoba is the selection of a 'Chahitaba' or a person responsible for the community's sins and fortunes for the entire year. People also ascend nearby hills to seek higher achievements in their lives.

6. Kharchi Puja

Kharchi Puja, mostly observed in Tripura, has transcended its royal origins to become a celebration for ordinary households. Held for ten days in July, this festival honors Lord Shiva, who commanded the worship of 14 other deities. Pilgrims from all over travel to the Puran Haveli in Old Agartala to pay homage to these deities. Cultural programs and fairs are organized for the public's benefit, where local delicacies and arts and crafts are showcased.

7. Kang Chingba

Kang Chingba, celebrated in Manipur, is akin to the famous 'Jagannath Puri Rath Yatra.' This eight-day annual festival features a Rath Yatra reenacting Lord Jagannath's journey with his siblings Balabhadra and Subhadra. The Yatra begins at the Sri Govindajee temple in Imphal, where lavishly decorated idols are transported on colossal chariots known as 'Kang.' The deities are then taken to another temple where devotees partake in night-long dancing to commemorate their journey.

8. Wangala Festival

In Meghalaya, the Garo Tribe primarily celebrates the Wangala festival, which marks the beginning of winter and pays homage to the post-harvest season. Held in Asanang near Tura in the Garo Hills, it falls in the second week of November. This festival is dedicated to 'Misi Saljong,' a local deity known for his generosity. The celebrations include rituals, music with drums and flutes, and distinctive costumes that symbolize tribal or clan colors.

9. Sekrenyi Festival

Celebrated by the Angami tribe of Nagaland, Sekrenyi occurs in February, also known as 'Phousanyi' by the Angamis.This ten-day festival involves various tasks, such as cleaning wells, communal bathing, cock strangle ceremonies, singing, feasting, hunting, and gate-pulling ceremonies. The festival fosters unity and imparts messages of peace and harmony among communities.

10. Ambubachi Mela

The Ambubachi Mela is held at the Kamakhya temple in Guwahati, Assam, in June. It is one of North-East India's most significant festivals, earning the nickname "Mahakumbh of the East." The festival is known for its unique association with fertility practices, as the Goddess Kamakhya is believed to undergo an annual menstrual cycle during this period. The temple is closed for three days, signifying impurity, and thousands of devotees throng the temple as the door reopens. The Mela is also notable for various Tantric rituals and practices that take place.

11. Lui-Ngai-Ni Festival

The Lui-Ngai-Ni Festival is celebrated by various Naga tribes across Nagaland and some parts of Manipur following the harvest season. Held on February 15th, it symbolizes the beginning of the seed-sowing season and seeks to bring agricultural and non-agricultural communities together. The festival is characterized by cultural performances, blessings for the seeds, traditional dances, and displays of tribal or clan colors.

12. Dree Festival

The Dree Festival is primarily observed by the Apatani tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. Celebrated on July 5th, the festival marks the end of the planting season and the beginning of the harvest season. People offer prayers and offerings to four principal Gods for a bountiful crop. The festival includes traditional dances and the unique practice of distributing cucumbers to symbolize a successful harvest. The celebration also features Arunachali cuisine and home-brewed wine.

13. Chapchar Kut

The Chapchar Kut festival is celebrated in Mizoram in March after the conclusion of the challenging jhum operation. The festival marks the spring season and is associated with the bamboo-cutting ceremony. Traditional bamboo dance, Cheraw, is a highlight of the festival, along with various tribal dance performances and cultural activities.

14. Mopin Festival

The Mopin Festival is an agricultural celebration held by the Galo tribe in Arunachal Pradesh. It is dedicated to the worship of the goddess Mopin and is celebrated to bring prosperity and wealth, ward off evil spirits, and ensure a good harvest. The festival features the indigenous folk dance, Popir, and the serving of Apong, a traditional rice wine made by Galo women.

15. Trogya Festival

Torgya, also known as Tawang-Torgya, is an annual monastic celebration held at Tawang Monastery in Arunachal Pradesh.It is a three-day event celebrated by the Monpa tribe, featuring holy dances performed by elaborately costumed monks to ward off evil spirits and bring prosperity.

16. Nongkrem Festival

The Nongkrem Festival is celebrated in the Khasi Hills, particularly in Smit, as the Khasi tribe's annual Nongkrem Dance Ceremony. It is a five-day harvest thanksgiving festival featuring traditional dance performances by men and women in their finest attire.

17. Moatsu Festival

The Ao tribe of Nagaland celebrates the Moatsu Festival in the first week of May, as the planting season concludes. The festival marks the joyous culmination of the agricultural season and features various ceremonies and activities centered around the harvest.

18. Aoling Festival

The Aoling Festival is celebrated by the Konyak Naga people in Nagaland. This event marks the start of the spring season and a new year. The Konyak tribe, formerly known for headhunting, now come together to practice agriculture and celebrate their most important festival, known as Aoling.

The festivals of North-East India offer a vivid tapestry of cultures, traditions, and celebrations. Rooted in agriculture, spirituality, and the changing of seasons, these festivals provide a window into the unique customs and practices of the region's diverse tribes and communities.