Behavioural Economics
Behavioural economics is an interdisciplinary field that incorporates insights from various disciplines to analyze and influence economic behaviour. Richard Thaler, a Nobel laureate in Economic Sciences in 2017, played a significant role in challenging the traditional assumption of rational expectations in economics. His work highlighted anomalies in human behaviour that couldn't be adequately explained by standard economic theories. This led to the emergence of behavioural science teams, often referred to as "nudge units," which aim to influence behaviour by making subtle contextual changes in decision-making environments.
Here are some key aspects of behavioural economics:
- Richard Thaler's Contribution: Richard Thaler's research revolutionized economic thought by recognizing that individuals often deviate from perfectly rational decision-making. His work shed light on behavioural biases and heuristics that influence economic choices.
- Nudges and Behavioral Influence: Nudges are interventions that aim to subtly influence people's behaviour without restricting their options or imposing penalties. By altering the context in which decisions are made, nudges can lead to more desirable outcomes.
- Applications in Micro and Macro Economics: Behavioural economics has a broad range of applications, from personal savings and tax compliance to broader societal issues like public health, education, and environmental conservation.
- Examples of Nudges: Nudges have been employed to promote a variety of societal goals. This includes initiatives like the Swachh Bharat Mission in India, which encourages cleanliness and hygiene. Other examples include motivating individuals to formalize their businesses, participate in volunteer work, or comply with tax regulations.
- Economic Survey 2019 and Behavioural Economics: The Economic Survey of India in 2019 drew heavily from Richard Thaler's behavioural economics theory. It advocated for leveraging nudges to drive positive social change and improve the implementation of various government schemes. This included initiatives such as the Swacch Bharat Mission, Jan Dhan Yojana, and Beti Bachao Beti Padhao for gender equality.
Behavioural economics has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding and influencing economic behaviour. By recognizing that individuals do not always act in purely rational ways, policymakers can design interventions that lead to more effective outcomes in both individual decision-making and broader societal challenges.
