Definition of New Imperialism
It refers to a period of intensified imperialistic endeavors that occurred after the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. It is characterized by heightened competition among industrialized nations to dominate and exploit non-industrialized nations politically and economically. This dominance was achieved through various means, including military conquest, colonization, and the imposition of cultural and economic superiority over native populations.
Key features of New Imperialism include:
- Race for Colonies and Spheres of Influence: Industrialized nations, such as Great Britain, European powers, Japan, and the USA, engaged in a competitive race to acquire colonies and establish spheres of influence in non-industrialized regions.
- Raw Material and Export Markets: Industrialized nations sought control over colonies to secure access to essential raw materials and to establish markets for surplus industrial production.
- Protective Tariffs: Industrialized nations implemented protective tariffs to shield their domestic industries from competition, especially from British exports. This allowed them to develop their own industrial bases.
- Imposition of Free Trade: While industrialized nations advocated free trade policies for themselves, they often prevented their colonies from implementing protective tariffs, thereby ensuring continued economic dependence.
- Drain Theory: This concept, notably explained by Indian nationalists like Dadabhai Naoroji, pointed out how colonial powers exploited their colonies by making them exporters of raw materials and importers of finished goods. Profits from investments in colonies primarily benefited foreign investors.
- Political Control: Colonies were brought under political control through various methods, including direct rule (as in India) or rule through intermediaries (such as princely states in India). This ensured that the colonizing nation had authority over the governance and administration of the colony.
- Capture of Ports of Call: Industrialized nations strategically targeted key locations, including islands along sea routes and coastal areas, where ships could replenish supplies like coal and water. This provided crucial advantages in maintaining and expanding maritime trade.
New Imperialism reflected a more aggressive and competitive phase of imperialism, driven by economic interests, political ambitions, and the desire for global dominance among industrialized nations. It marked a significant period in world history characterized by intense geopolitical rivalries and the establishment of vast colonial empires.
