Modern-indian-history / Relations of British India with Neighbouring Countries / British India and the North-West Frontier
British India and the North-West Frontier
- Expansion of British Boundaries: The conquest of Sindh in 1843 and the annexation of Punjab in 1849 extended British control beyond the Indus River and brought them into contact with Baluch and Pathan tribes. The Amir of Afghanistan claimed nominal suzerainty over these tribes.
- British Occupation of Hunza and Nagar: The British occupation of Hunza and Nagar in the Gilgit valley in 1891-92, which commanded communications with Chitral, alarmed the Amir of Afghanistan, Abdur Rahman. A compromise was reached with the drawing of the Durand Line in 1893, establishing a boundary between Afghan and British territories. The Amir received certain districts and an increased subsidy.
- Durand Agreement and Tribal Uprisings: The Durand Agreement failed to maintain peace, leading to tribal uprisings. British garrisons were established at Chitral and Malakand Pass to counter these uprisings. Tribal unrest continued until 1898.
- Curzon's Policies: Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, pursued a policy of withdrawal and concentration. British troops were withdrawn from advanced posts and replaced by tribal levies under British officers. Curzon encouraged the tribes to maintain peace.
- Creation of the North-West Frontier Province: Under Curzon's administration, the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) was created as a separate administrative entity directly under the Government of India. Previously, it had been under the control of the lieutenant governor of Punjab.
- Peaceful Conditions and Formation of Pakistan: Curzon's policies resulted in a relatively peaceful North-West Frontier. The peaceful conditions continued with occasional tribal uprisings. In 1932, the NWFP was announced as a governor's province. Following the partition of British India in 1947, the province became part of Pakistan.
- Overall, the historical developments and policies on the North-West Frontier reflect the British attempts to establish control, maintain peace, and navigate relationships with the tribes and the Amir of Afghanistan.
