Pratihara Kingdom's Decline and Division

• The decline of Pratihara kingdom began after the death of Mahendrapala.
• His successors were unable to maintain the large kingdom, leading to several defeats in the early 10th century.
• The feudatory chiefs and provincial governors started to assert their independence, causing the empire to disintegrate.
• Eventually, the empire was reduced to the area around Kanauj.
• The decline and loss of authority of the Pratiharas led to the division of the empire among various rulers, including:

1. Chalukyas (Solankis) of Anhilwada
2. Chandellas of Bundelkhand
3. Paramaras of Malwa
4. Chauhans of Sakambari
5. Gahawars of southern Rajputana.

a. The Chahamanas or Chauhans of Ajmer

The southeastern region of Rajasthan was under the rule of the Shakambhari cult followers. Their capital city was Ajmer, and the founder of this dynasty was Vishaladeva. The most famous ruler of this dynasty was Vishaladeva's nephew, Prithviraj, who married Samyukta, the daughter of his arch-rival Jayachandra. In 1191 AD, Prithviraj defeated Muhammad Ghori in the first Battle of Tarain or Thaneshwar, but in 1192 AD, Ghori made a fresh attack and defeated Prithviraj in the second Battle of Tarain. In 1193, Ghori killed Jayachandra. Chand Bardai composed the long epic poem Prithviraj Raso, which describes the military conquests of Prithviraj. With Prithviraj's death, the sun of Rajput glory set forever.

b. Solankis (Chaulkya Dynasty)

The Solanki dynasty held sway over the Gujarat region, with their capital at Anhilwara. Bhimadeva 1 ruled for 42 years, from 1021-1063 CE. During his reign, the famous Somanath Temple was plundered by Muhammad of Ghazni. Karna, Bhima-I's son, succeeded him in 1063-1093 CE. He constructed several temples, built tanks, and founded a city named after himself, now known as Ahmedabad. Karna was succeeded by Jayasimha Siddharaja (1093-1143 CE). One of the rulers, Kuramapala, is said to have rebuilt the Somanath Temple. Bhimadeva 2 and Muladeva 2 defeated Muhammad Ghori in 1178 AD, but the Solankis were eventually overthrown by the Waghelas.

c. The Paramaras

The Paramaras, also known as the Pawars, ruled over the Malwa region in central India with Dharanagar as their capital. They established their reign after the fall of the Kanauj-based Pratihara empire. According to legend, the Paramara clan originated from Agnikund of Mount Abu. The greatest ruler of this dynasty was Raja Bhoj, who reigned from 1018 to 1060. He attempted to revive Hindu society and battled against Muslims. Besides being a successful warrior, he was a learned scholar who established a Sanskrit college called Bhojshala in his capital. He authored many famous books, such as Ayurveda Sangraha, Yukti Kalpataru, and Samranga Suthradhara, which focused on architecture. He was also a prolific builder who built 104 temples and a stunning lake called Bhojpur lake. The power of the Paramara dynasty declined after the demise of Raja Bhoj.

d. The Chandellas

The Chandella dynasty ruled over the eastern part of Madhya Pradesh in the Bundelkhand region with their capital cities at Mohoba and Khajuraho. They belonged to one of the 36 Rajput clans. The Chandella kingdom grew steadily under early kings like Jayashakti. Dhanga was a great ruler of this dynasty and took the title of Maharajadhiraja. He is well known for his wars against Mahmud of Ghazni and several of the Khajuraho temples were built during his reign. Vidhydhara also resisted attacks of Muhammad Ghazni and built Gwalior and Kalinjar forts. The last ruler of the Chandellas was Parmal, who was defeated by Prithviraj in 1182 CE and from whom Qutb-ud-din Aibak captured Kalinjar in 1203 CE. After this, the Chandellas fell into obscurity, and Bundelkhand passed into the hands of the Muslims.
The Chandellas were creative builders in their major towns and strongholds, particularly in their capital, Khajuraho. A large group of these temples still exists in Khajuraho in Bundelkhand. These temples were built between 900-1150 CE. The Kandariya Mahadev temple is famous for its artistic excellence, and the architecture of the Chandellas is considered one of the supreme achievements of Indian architecture.

e. The Rathors or Gahawars (1090 – 1194 CE)

• For over a century (1090-1194 CE), the Rathors or Gahawars were the ruling dynasty of Kanauj.
• Chandradeva founded this dynasty and his domain included Banaras, Ayodhya, and Kanauj.
• During the reign of Govindachandra, Chandradeva's grandson, from 1112-1155 CE, the glory of the Kanauj kingdom was restored and he ruled for a long time.
• Vijayachandra succeeded Govindachandra and even drove Amir Kushro out of Lahore.
• Jaichandra, also known as Raja Jaichand and a well-known figure in popular legend, was the last great ruler of this dynasty from 1170-1194 CE.