Global Depository Receipts (GDR) and American Depository Receipts (ADRs).

Introduction:

Global Depository Receipts (GDRs) are financial instruments that allow companies to raise capital in the international market by issuing depository receipts. GDRs represent a claim to shares in a foreign company, and they are traded on international stock exchanges.

Key Features:

1. Equity Capital in International Market:
• Indian companies use GDRs as a means to raise equity capital globally. GDRs are issued in foreign markets, allowing companies to attract international investors.
2. Not Shares but Receipts:
• GDRs are termed "receipts" because Indian companies are not permitted to directly raise share capital outside India. The process, however, remains similar to that of issuing shares.
3. Issued in Foreign Currency:
• GDRs are denominated in foreign currency, providing international investors with an opportunity to invest in Indian companies without dealing with the Indian rupee.
4. Listing on International Exchanges:
• GDRs are listed on well-established international stock exchanges, such as the London Stock Exchange or Luxembourg Stock Exchange. This listing enhances the visibility of the issuing company in global financial markets.

Benefits of GDRs:

1. Utilization of Proceeds:
• The funds raised through the issuance of GDRs can be utilized by the company for various purposes, similar to any other form of corporate reserves. This may include acquisitions, expansions, or other strategic initiatives.
2. Foreign Currency Inflow:
• GDRs bring foreign currency into the country, contributing to India's foreign exchange reserves. This is beneficial for the stability of the national currency.
3. Global Market Presence:
• Listing GDRs on reputable international exchanges increases the global visibility of the issuing company. It allows the company to tap into a wider investor base and attract international investment.

Listing Locations:

GDRs can be listed on various international exchanges, and some of the common listing locations include the London Stock Exchange, Luxembourg Stock Exchange, or other major financial centers.

Euro-Issues:

The term "euro-issues" is used in a general sense to refer to securities issued in international markets, denominated in a currency other than the local currency of the issuer.

In summary, GDRs provide Indian companies with a mechanism to access international capital markets, diversify their investor base, and raise funds in foreign currency. This financial instrument plays a crucial role in the globalization of capital and facilitates cross-border investment.

American Depository Receipts (ADRs):

Introduction:

American Depository Receipts (ADRs) are financial instruments that represent shares in a foreign company and are traded on American stock exchanges. ADRs provide a way for non-U.S. companies to raise capital from U.S. investors and have their shares traded in the U.S. financial markets.

Key Features:

1. Similar to GDRs:
• ADRs are similar to Global Depository Receipts (GDRs) but are specifically targeted at U.S. investors. They allow non-U.S. companies to access the U.S. capital market.
2. Listing on U.S. Stock Exchanges:
• ADRs are listed on major U.S. stock exchanges such as NASDAQ or the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). This listing enables U.S. retail and institutional investors to buy and sell shares in the foreign company.
3. Entitlements and Benefits:
• ADR holders are entitled to benefits similar to shareholders, including bonuses, stock splits, and dividends. The ADR structure mirrors the corporate actions of the underlying foreign shares.
4. Purpose of ADR Issuance:
• Companies issue ADRs to raise equity capital from U.S. investors. This capital can be utilized for various purposes such as expansion, acquisitions, or other corporate initiatives.
5. Non-U.S. Listing Restrictions:
• ADRs provide a way for non-U.S. companies to list and have their shares traded in the U.S. markets. Direct listing on U.S. stock exchanges by issuing shares is generally not allowed for non-U.S. companies.

Comparison with GDRs:

• ADRs and GDRs serve a similar purpose but cater to different investor bases. ADRs target U.S. investors and are listed on U.S. stock exchanges, while GDRs target investors from various countries and are listed on international exchanges.

Indian Depository Receipts (IDRs):

• IDRs are a similar concept but are issued by non-Indian companies to Indian investors in India, with transactions denominated in Indian rupees.