FEMA and FERA...

FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act), 1999:

The Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) was enacted in 1999 with the primary objective of consolidating and amending the laws related to foreign exchange in India. The key goals of FEMA include facilitating external trade and payments, as well as promoting the orderly development and maintenance of the foreign exchange market in the country. FEMA replaced the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), bringing about significant changes in the regulatory framework for foreign exchange transactions.

Key Points about FEMA:

1. Objective:
• The main objective of FEMA is to simplify and streamline the regulatory environment for foreign exchange transactions, fostering external trade and payments.
2. Nature of Offenses:
• FEMA treats offenses related to foreign exchange as civil offenses rather than criminal offenses. This represents a shift from the stricter enforcement approach under FERA.
3. Civil Offenses:
• Offenses under FEMA are addressed through civil proceedings, allowing for more flexibility in the resolution of violations.
4. Post-1991 Reforms:
• The enactment of FEMA became possible due to the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves by India following the economic reforms initiated in 1991.

FERA (Foreign Exchange Regulation Act), 1973:

The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) was a significant legislation enacted in 1973. It imposed strict regulations on dealings in foreign exchange (FOREX) and transactions that had an indirect impact on foreign exchange. FERA was introduced during a period when India faced economic challenges, and there were concerns about foreign exchange reserves.

Key Points about FERA:

1. Strict Regulations:
• FERA introduced stringent regulations to control and monitor foreign exchange transactions. The focus was on preventing unauthorized transactions and conserving foreign exchange reserves.
2. Enforcement Approach:
• FERA had a more enforcement-oriented approach, treating violations as criminal offenses. This often resulted in legal proceedings and penalties.
3. Economic Challenges:
• FERA was enacted during a time when India faced economic difficulties, and there were concerns about the outflow of foreign exchange.
4. Replaced by FEMA:
• FERA was eventually replaced by FEMA in 1999 as part of the broader economic reforms undertaken by India.

The transition from FERA to FEMA marked a shift in regulatory philosophy, moving towards a more liberalized and flexible framework for managing foreign exchange transactions. FEMA aimed to strike a balance between regulation and facilitation, aligning with the changing economic landscape and India's increased integration into the global economy.