Co-operative Banks

• Principles: Co-operative banks operate on the principles of co-operation, self-help, and mutual help. They function based on 'one member, one vote' and operate on a 'no profit, no loss' basis.
• Functions: Co-operative banks perform main banking functions, including deposit mobilization, supply of credit, and provision of remittance facilities. While traditionally specialized in agriculture-related products, some now provide housing loans as well.
• Urban Co-Operative Banks (UCBs):
• Located in urban and semi-urban areas.
• Originally restricted to lending for non-agricultural purposes, but their scope has expanded.
• Financial Support: Co-operative banks receive financial and other support from entities such as RBI, NABARD, central government, and state governments. RBI provides resources like initial capital, working capital, and refinance.
• Market Participation:
• Belong to both the money market and the capital market.
• Offer short-term and long-term loans.
• Land Development Banks (LDBs) provide long-term loans.
• Funding Sources:
• Ownership funds
• Deposits or debenture issues
• Central and state government
• RBI
• NABARD
• Other co-operative institutions
• Scheduled Status: Some co-operative banks are scheduled banks, while others are non-scheduled banks. Scheduled banks are included in the Second Schedule of the Reserve Bank of India Act.
• Regulatory Requirements: Co-operative banks are subject to Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) requirements similar to other banks, though their requirements are generally less than those of commercial banks.

The Banking Regulation (Amendment) Act, 2020:

• Objective: The central government amended the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, in response to the deteriorating condition of cooperative banks in the country. The key objective was to bring cooperative banks under the supervision of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
• Need for Amendments:
• Ensuring better management and proper regulation of cooperative banks.
• Protecting the interests of depositors.
• Enhancing professionalism.
• Facilitating access to capital.
• Improving governance.
• Ensuring sound banking practices.
• Amendments in Section 45:
• Proposed amendments in Section 45 of the Banking Regulation Act to empower the RBI to formulate schemes for the protection of the public, the banking system, depositors, or to secure the proper management of banking companies.
• Notably, the amendments aimed to allow the RBI to create schemes without initially imposing a moratorium, thereby preventing disruptions in the financial system.
• Scope of Supervision:
• The amendments brought 1,482 urban cooperative banks and 58 multi-state cooperative banks under the direct supervision of the RBI.
• This move was intended to enhance regulatory oversight and safeguard the stability of cooperative banks.
• Rationale:
• The changes were driven by a recognition of the need for a more robust regulatory framework for cooperative banks.
• The emphasis was on ensuring that cooperative banks operate in a manner that protects the interests of depositors and contributes to the overall stability of the banking system.

These amendments represented a significant step toward strengthening the regulatory environment for cooperative banks and addressing challenges in the cooperative banking sector.